Is Tehran coming to the end of its days as a capital city? Iran's rulers are considering plans to relocate the country's capital. They say Tehran is in danger of being struck by a major earthquake. So how easy is it to move a capital out of a city, and where might Iran's go? Penny Spiller reports. Tehran is a sprawling metropolis at the foot of the Alborz mountain range. It is home to some 12 million people, and is the largest city in the Middle East. Not only is it the political and economic heart of the country, the city has a cosmopolitan air with its museums, art galleries, parks and universities. It has been Iran's capital since 1795. But now a powerful state body, the expediency council, has approved plans by Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to end Tehran's days as a capital. These plans are not new. They are part of a long-term strategy to see the capital moved by 2025, and will need approval from many more government bodies before any relocation begins. The government is said to be reacting to calls from Iranian seismologists, who have long warned that Tehran lies on at least 100 known fault lines, and would not survive a major quake intact.
The devastating earthquake that killed some 40,000 people in the south-eastern city of Bam in 2003 has certainly concentrated minds on the issue. But the timing of this decision - coming as it does months after some of the worst anti-government riots Tehran has ever seen - is interesting, says Dominic Dudley, deputy editor of the London-based Middle East Economic Digest. Tehran is very much a liberal enclave in Iran, he says - and it was many of those liberals who took to the streets complaining of fraud when conservative incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was declared winner of June's presidential election. "It is tempting to view anything going on Iran these days through the lens of that dispute," Mr Dudley told the BBC. "It certainly wouldn't hurt the government to move away from the big centre of liberal protests and opposition." But where would it move to? Iranian seismologist Professor Bahram Akasheh told the Guardian newspaper that a new capital should be built between the holy city of Qom and Delijan, in Markazi province. This is an area, he said, that has not seen an earthquake in 2,000 years. However, Qom is the spiritual home of Iran's conservative Islamic establishment. Moving the capital nearer to Qom could be seen as a sign of the conservatives stamping their authority, says Mr Dudley. Distorted market Wherever the capital moves to, and for whatever reasons, the government will have some other important considerations to take into account if creating a capital from scratch, says Andrew Jones of the engineering, planning and architectural design firm AECOM. One of the things about a new capital is that it tends to insulate the government from the pressures and influences of the big city Claudio de MagalhaesUniversity College London It is all very well moving government buildings and staff, but the new city will flounder if it has no cultural life and its economy is solely driven by the government. "Generally, our capital cities are economic powerhouses as well as seats of government. That takes a long time to bed in," he told the BBC. "A new city generally takes 10 to 20 years to build, it takes a century or more to mature into something that is an attractive and self-sustaining place." Brazil's capital, Brasilia, might be an interesting example for the Iranian authorities to study. It was built because the coastal location of the old seat of power, Rio de Janeiro, was deemed too far from large swathes of the country. So the new capital was unveiled in a remote part of central Brazil in 1961. Claudio de Magalhaes, senior lecturer in planning and urban regeneration at University College London, said this location suited the military government that came to power three years later. CAPITAL MOVES
Brazil: Brasilia, 1961 Tanzania: Dodoma, 1973 Ivory Coast: Yamoussoukro, 1983 Nigeria: Abuja, 1991 Kazakhstan: Astana, 1997 Burma: Naypyidaw, 2005 "One of the things about a new capital is that it tends to insulate the government from the pressures and influences of the big city," he said. "The military government found it very convenient to have the political class away from the city. You don't have any demonstrations on your doorstep. It's very easy to close the airport and access to the city whenever you see fit, which happened in the early days of the government." In the beginning, Brasilia was inhabited mostly by people whose livelihoods depended on the government. But over the years it grew, and grew, and grew - confounding the planners' expectations. "What no-one had predicted was the growth in the satellite areas around the city. These were places peopled by construction workers, cleaners for government buildings, mechanics for employees' cars," Mr Magalhaes told the BBC. In the early days, land in the centre of Brasilia - known as the pilot plan and now a Unesco heritage site - was compulsorily purchased and given to government ministries who were then able to offer homes to staff. But as these assets were sold off, they reaped huge profits for the buyers as increasing numbers of people moving to the city sought to live in that area, Mr Magalhaes said. "It distorted the market. And you had this strange situation whereby large houses with swimming pools outside Brasilia were much cheaper than a small flat in the centre," he said. 'Remake itself' The total cost of moving Brazil's capital from Rio to Brasilia is so huge it has never really all been accounted for, Mr Magalhaes believes. Even 20 years after Brasilia was created, the government was still having pay premiums to get people to move there, he adds. Losing its capital status also had a huge effect on Rio, which had already seen its economy suffer as businesses migrated to Sao Paulo. "Local politics became very low level and was dominated by its relationship with the drug lords," Mr Magalhaes said. Andrew Jones of AECOM believes Tehran will also have a tough period of adjustment if it goes the same way as Rio. "Although the underlying character of the city will stay, it will lose the added extras that come with being home to the seat of government. It will start to lose cultural institutions and some other components that make it a powerful place," he said. "But I think Tehran will survive. It has been a major city for thousands of years, so it will recover and remake itself."
Grandmother Betty Neumar has had five husbands, some of whom died in suspicious circumstances. As she awaits trial in the US over the death of husband number four, film-maker Norman Hull investigates whether the woman known as 'The Black Widow' could really have been a serial killer.
Betty's daughters say she was 'dealt a bad hand' For 22 years, Al Gentry begged investigators to take another look at the mystery surrounding the death of his brother. Harold was shot six times in the home he shared with his wife Betty in North Carolina. The police investigation revealed no motive and no suspect. Al was sure he knew the identity of the murderer and visited the sheriff's office dozens of times. In 2007, Betty was arrested. The 77-year-old is now awaiting trial, charged with hiring a hit-man to shoot her husband. Marriages revealed "This is something I've been waiting a long time for," Al told me. Betty, who says she was in Augusta, Georgia, the day her husband was killed, showed no emotion when she returned home to the news, he claims. "If she had gotten out of that car with tears in her eyes and asked me why would anybody kill Harold, I would never have suspected her at all," he said.
Harold Gentry was shot six times in his home in North Carolina Al believes Betty hired someone to kill Harold because he was seeing another woman. After her arrest, authorities discovered that Betty had been married five times, and that each union had ended with the death of the husband. The American media had a field day, suggesting that Betty had murdered all five of her husbands and dubbing her the Black Widow. But where is the evidence? The more I looked into the story, the more it seemed to me to be a matter of assumption, presumption and speculation. Born Betty Johnson in 1931 in Ohio, she graduated from high school in 1949, and married Clarence Malone in 1950. She was 18 and he was 19. They were married for just over a year before they split up. A single shot to the head killed Clarence outside his car repair shop in 1970. His death was ruled a homicide. FIVE HUSBANDS, FIVE FUNERALS
Clarence Malone, shot to death in 1970 James Flynn, died in New York in 1955 Richard Sills, allegedly shot himself in 1965 Harold Gentry, shot to death in 1986 John Neumar, died from natural causes in 2007 It is unclear when Betty and husband number two, James Flynn, met. But James died in 1955, a year or so after the couple's daughter Peggy was born. Betty told investigators he had "died on a pier" somewhere in New York. Self-inflicted wound? A decade later, Betty's third husband Richard Sills was shot dead in the bedroom of the couple's trailer home in Florida. Peggy, who was 11 at the time, was in the room next door. She heard her mother and stepfather arguing, and then a single gunshot. "He was laying on the bed and he went in to snorting and he rolled off the bed, and I asked the paramedic if he was dead, and they said to get me out of there - that's all I remember," she said Betty told police they were alone in the room arguing when he pulled out a gun and shot himself. Authorities, who ruled it a suicide, are now reinvestigating the death. In 1968 Betty married Harold Gentry. They were together for 18 years before Harold was murdered. After Harold's death, Betty moved to Augusta, Georgia.
Betty's daughters say she is a caring, loving mother who has had bad luck In 1991, she married John Neumar. Sixteen years later, he died from apparent natural causes but with symptoms consistent with arsenic poisoning. He was 76. Mr Neumar's son, John Neumar Junior, says he was not told about his father's death until he read about it in the newspaper. "I'm sitting there at work. I found out he was dead when I saw his obituary. When I went to check on him, she had already had him cremated," John told me. "I mean, it's just strange, why do you do that? I don't think my daddy ever said he wanted to be cremated." Seemingly frank After Betty's arrest, Georgia police reinvestigated the death of John Neumar, but could find no evidence of foul play. Later on it's going to eat their heart out - the hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable Betty Neumar Betty's two daughters Peggy and Kelly are convinced of their mother's innocence. "She has been a caring, loving mother, and she's a loving, caring grandmother. I think that she was dealt a bad hand," Peggy told me. I also spoke to Richard Sills's biological son Michael, who had never known his father. Michael wanted the case reopened and his father's remains exhumed. Betty denies all the accusations against her, including soliciting Harold's murder. Husband number one had been shot, yes, but he and Betty had been separated for 18 years when that happened. Husband number two froze to death, she says, in a truck in New York.
Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still haunts him She describes how husband number three grabbed a gun and shot himself in his side during a drunken row. She says she was out of town at the time husband number four died, while husband number five's death certificate says he died of sepsis. When I interviewed her, she described her accusers as "nuts". "Later on it's going to eat their heart out. The hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable," she said. And she says accusations that she may have benefited financially from her husbands' deaths are not true. "I got no insurance from the first one, no insurance from the third one. After Harold died I got $50,000. But as far as all this money and all this stuff goes, there wasn't none," she said. Despite the torment caused by the accusations, Betty says she is prepared to forgive. "If you're going to heaven you have to forgive. You don't have to forget, but you do have to forgive," she says. Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still lingers. After Betty's arrest, he visited his brother's grave, where he delivered a simple message: "Brother, we got her." But have they? It has been almost two years since Betty was arrested and no trial date has been set. Could this little old lady really be a serial killer? Or is she just unlucky in love? Only Betty knows the answer. But all she will say is: "I cannot control when somebody dies. That's God's work." Black Widow Granny directed by Norman Hull is on BBC One on Tuesday 3 November at 1035 GMT. Grandmother Betty Neumar has had five husbands, some of whom died in suspicious circumstances. As she awaits trial in the US over the death of husband number four, film-maker Norman Hull investigates whether the woman known as 'The Black Widow' could really have been a serial killer.
Betty's daughters say she was 'dealt a bad hand' For 22 years, Al Gentry begged investigators to take another look at the mystery surrounding the death of his brother. Harold was shot six times in the home he shared with his wife Betty in North Carolina. The police investigation revealed no motive and no suspect. Al was sure he knew the identity of the murderer and visited the sheriff's office dozens of times. In 2007, Betty was arrested. The 77-year-old is now awaiting trial, charged with hiring a hit-man to shoot her husband. Marriages revealed "This is something I've been waiting a long time for," Al told me. Betty, who says she was in Augusta, Georgia, the day her husband was killed, showed no emotion when she returned home to the news, he claims. "If she had gotten out of that car with tears in her eyes and asked me why would anybody kill Harold, I would never have suspected her at all," he said.
Harold Gentry was shot six times in his home in North Carolina Al believes Betty hired someone to kill Harold because he was seeing another woman. After her arrest, authorities discovered that Betty had been married five times, and that each union had ended with the death of the husband. The American media had a field day, suggesting that Betty had murdered all five of her husbands and dubbing her the Black Widow. But where is the evidence? The more I looked into the story, the more it seemed to me to be a matter of assumption, presumption and speculation. Born Betty Johnson in 1931 in Ohio, she graduated from high school in 1949, and married Clarence Malone in 1950. She was 18 and he was 19. They were married for just over a year before they split up. A single shot to the head killed Clarence outside his car repair shop in 1970. His death was ruled a homicide. FIVE HUSBANDS, FIVE FUNERALS
Clarence Malone, shot to death in 1970 James Flynn, died in New York in 1955 Richard Sills, allegedly shot himself in 1965 Harold Gentry, shot to death in 1986 John Neumar, died from natural causes in 2007 It is unclear when Betty and husband number two, James Flynn, met. But James died in 1955, a year or so after the couple's daughter Peggy was born. Betty told investigators he had "died on a pier" somewhere in New York. Self-inflicted wound? A decade later, Betty's third husband Richard Sills was shot dead in the bedroom of the couple's trailer home in Florida. Peggy, who was 11 at the time, was in the room next door. She heard her mother and stepfather arguing, and then a single gunshot. "He was laying on the bed and he went in to snorting and he rolled off the bed, and I asked the paramedic if he was dead, and they said to get me out of there - that's all I remember," she said Betty told police they were alone in the room arguing when he pulled out a gun and shot himself. Authorities, who ruled it a suicide, are now reinvestigating the death. In 1968 Betty married Harold Gentry. They were together for 18 years before Harold was murdered. After Harold's death, Betty moved to Augusta, Georgia.
Betty's daughters say she is a caring, loving mother who has had bad luck In 1991, she married John Neumar. Sixteen years later, he died from apparent natural causes but with symptoms consistent with arsenic poisoning. He was 76. Mr Neumar's son, John Neumar Junior, says he was not told about his father's death until he read about it in the newspaper. "I'm sitting there at work. I found out he was dead when I saw his obituary. When I went to check on him, she had already had him cremated," John told me. "I mean, it's just strange, why do you do that? I don't think my daddy ever said he wanted to be cremated." Seemingly frank After Betty's arrest, Georgia police reinvestigated the death of John Neumar, but could find no evidence of foul play. Later on it's going to eat their heart out - the hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable Betty Neumar Betty's two daughters Peggy and Kelly are convinced of their mother's innocence. "She has been a caring, loving mother, and she's a loving, caring grandmother. I think that she was dealt a bad hand," Peggy told me. I also spoke to Richard Sills's biological son Michael, who had never known his father. Michael wanted the case reopened and his father's remains exhumed. Betty denies all the accusations against her, including soliciting Harold's murder. Husband number one had been shot, yes, but he and Betty had been separated for 18 years when that happened. Husband number two froze to death, she says, in a truck in New York.
Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still haunts him She describes how husband number three grabbed a gun and shot himself in his side during a drunken row. She says she was out of town at the time husband number four died, while husband number five's death certificate says he died of sepsis. When I interviewed her, she described her accusers as "nuts". "Later on it's going to eat their heart out. The hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable," she said. And she says accusations that she may have benefited financially from her husbands' deaths are not true. "I got no insurance from the first one, no insurance from the third one. After Harold died I got $50,000. But as far as all this money and all this stuff goes, there wasn't none," she said. Despite the torment caused by the accusations, Betty says she is prepared to forgive. "If you're going to heaven you have to forgive. You don't have to forget, but you do have to forgive," she says. Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still lingers. After Betty's arrest, he visited his brother's grave, where he delivered a simple message: "Brother, we got her." But have they? It has been almost two years since Betty was arrested and no trial date has been set. Could this little old lady really be a serial killer? Or is she just unlucky in love? Only Betty knows the answer. But all she will say is: "I cannot control when somebody dies. That's God's work." Black Widow Granny directed by Norman Hull is on BBC One on Tuesday 3 November at 1035 GMT.
Mel Gibson and girlfriend have a daughter November 2, 2009 3:30 p.m. EST
(CNN) -- Actor-director Mel Gibson and his girlfriend, Oksana Grigorieva, are the new parents of a daughter named Lucia, his spokesman confirmed to CNN.
No other details were released about the baby, who was born Friday at an undisclosed hospital in Los Angeles, California.
Baby Lucia is the eighth child for Gibson, 53, and the second for Grigorieva, 39. Gibson has six sons and a daughter from his marriage to his wife of 30 years, Robyn. The couple filed for divorce in April.
Grigorieva has a son with her former boyfriend, actor Timothy Dalton.
In August, the singer said she and Gibson have no immediate plans for marriage.
"We don't know yet," Grigorieva said of any impending nuptials. "We haven't really talked about it."
collect from cnn.com November 2, 2009 3:30 p.m. EST
Between 1901 and 2009, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 537 times to 829 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 802 individuals and 20 organizations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Laureates in terms of category, prize year, first name or last name.
2009 -Chemistry, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Chemistry, Thomas A. Steitz Chemistry, Ada E. Yonath Economics, Elinor Ostrom Economics, Oliver E. Williamson Literature, Herta Müller Medicine, Elizabeth H. Blackburn Medicine, Carol W. Greider Medicine, Jack W. Szostak Peace, Barack Obama Physics, Willard S. Boyle Physics, Charles K. Kao Physics, George E. Smith
2008 - Chemistry, Martin Chalfie Chemistry, Osamu Shimomura Chemistry, Roger Y. Tsien Economics, Paul Krugman Literature, Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio Medicine, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi Medicine, Luc Montagnier Medicine, Harald zur Hausen Peace, Martti Ahtisaari Physics, Makoto Kobayashi Physics, Toshihide Maskawa Physics, Yoichiro Nambu
2007 - Chemistry, Gerhard Ertl Economics, Leonid Hurwicz Economics, Eric S. Maskin Economics, Roger B. Myerson Literature, Doris Lessing Medicine, Mario R. Capecchi Medicine, Sir Martin J. Evans Medicine, Oliver Smithies Peace, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Peace, Al Gore Physics, Albert Fert Physics, Peter Grünberg
2006 - Chemistry, Roger D. Kornberg Economics, Edmund S. Phelps Literature, Orhan Pamuk Medicine, Andrew Z. Fire Medicine, Craig C. Mello Peace, Grameen Bank Peace, Muhammad Yunus Physics, John C. Mather Physics, George F. Smoot
2005 - Chemistry, Yves Chauvin Chemistry, Robert H. Grubbs Chemistry, Richard R. Schrock Economics, Robert J. Aumann Economics, Thomas C. Schelling Literature, Harold Pinter Medicine, Barry J. Marshall Medicine, J. Robin Warren Peace, International Atomic Energy Agency Peace, Mohamed ElBaradei Physics, Roy J. Glauber Physics, John L. Hall Physics, Theodor W. Hänsch
2004 - Chemistry, Aaron Ciechanover Chemistry, Avram Hershko Chemistry, Irwin Rose Economics, Finn E. Kydland Economics, Edward C. Prescott Literature, Elfriede Jelinek Medicine, Richard Axel Medicine, Linda B. Buck Peace, Wangari Maathai Physics, David J. Gross Physics, H. David Politzer Physics, Frank Wilczek
2003 - Chemistry, Peter Agre Chemistry, Roderick MacKinnon Economics, Robert F. Engle III Economics, Clive W.J. Granger Literature, J. M. Coetzee Medicine, Paul C. Lauterbur Medicine, Sir Peter Mansfield Peace, Shirin Ebadi Physics, Alexei A. Abrikosov Physics, Vitaly L. Ginzburg Physics, Anthony J. Leggett
2002 - Chemistry, John B. Fenn Chemistry, Koichi Tanaka Chemistry, Kurt Wüthrich Economics, Daniel Kahneman Economics, Vernon L. Smith Literature, Imre Kertész Medicine, Sydney Brenner Medicine, H. Robert Horvitz Medicine, John E. Sulston Peace, Jimmy Carter Physics, Raymond Davis Jr. Physics, Riccardo Giacconi Physics, Masatoshi Koshiba
2001 - Chemistry, William S. Knowles Chemistry, Ryoji Noyori Chemistry, K. Barry Sharpless Economics, George A. Akerlof Economics, A. Michael Spence Economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz Literature, V. S. Naipaul Medicine, Leland H. Hartwell Medicine, Tim Hunt Medicine, Sir Paul Nurse Peace, United Nations Peace, Kofi Annan Physics, Eric A. Cornell Physics, Wolfgang Ketterle Physics, Carl E. Wieman
2000 - Chemistry, Alan Heeger Chemistry, Alan G. MacDiarmid Chemistry, Hideki Shirakawa Economics, James J. Heckman Economics, Daniel L. McFadden Literature, Gao Xingjian Medicine, Arvid Carlsson Medicine, Paul Greengard Medicine, Eric R. Kandel Peace, Kim Dae-jung Physics, Zhores I. Alferov Physics, Jack S. Kilby Physics, Herbert Kroemer
1999 - Chemistry, Ahmed Zewail Economics, Robert A. Mundell Literature, Günter Grass Medicine, Günter Blobel Peace, Médecins Sans Frontières Physics, Gerardus 't Hooft Physics, Martinus J.G. Veltman
1998 - Chemistry, Walter Kohn Chemistry, John Pople Economics, Amartya Sen Literature, José Saramago Medicine, Robert F. Furchgott Medicine, Louis J. Ignarro Medicine, Ferid Murad Peace, John Hume Peace, David Trimble Physics, Robert B. Laughlin Physics, Horst L. Störmer Physics, Daniel C. Tsui
1997 - Chemistry, Paul D. Boyer Chemistry, Jens C. Skou Chemistry, John E. Walker Economics, Robert C. Merton Economics, Myron S. Scholes Literature, Dario Fo Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner Peace, International Campaign to Ban Landmines Peace, Jody Williams Physics, Steven Chu Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Physics, William D. Phillips
1996 - Chemistry, Robert F. Curl Jr. Chemistry, Sir Harold Kroto Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley Economics, James A. Mirrlees Economics, William Vickrey Literature, Wislawa Szymborska Medicine, Peter C. Doherty Medicine, Rolf M. Zinkernagel Peace, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo Peace, José Ramos-Horta Physics, David M. Lee Physics, Douglas D. Osheroff Physics, Robert C. Richardson
1995 - Chemistry, Paul J. Crutzen Chemistry, Mario J. Molina Chemistry, F. Sherwood Rowland Economics, Robert E. Lucas Jr. Literature, Seamus Heaney Medicine, Edward B. Lewis Medicine, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Medicine, Eric F. Wieschaus Peace, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs Peace, Joseph Rotblat Physics, Martin L. Perl Physics, Frederick Reines
1994 - Chemistry, George A. Olah Economics, John C. Harsanyi Economics, John F. Nash Jr. Economics, Reinhard Selten Literature, Kenzaburo Oe Medicine, Alfred G. Gilman Medicine, Martin Rodbell Peace, Yasser Arafat Peace, Shimon Peres Peace, Yitzhak Rabin Physics, Bertram N. Brockhouse Physics, Clifford G. Shull
1993 - Chemistry, Kary B. Mullis Chemistry, Michael Smith Economics, Robert W. Fogel Economics, Douglass C. North Literature, Toni Morrison Medicine, Richard J. Roberts Medicine, Phillip A. Sharp Peace, F.W. de Klerk Peace, Nelson Mandela Physics, Russell A. Hulse Physics, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1992 - Chemistry, Rudolph A. Marcus Economics, Gary S. Becker Literature, Derek Walcott Medicine, Edmond H. Fischer Medicine, Edwin G. Krebs Peace, Rigoberta Menchú Tum Physics, Georges Charpak
1991 - Chemistry, Richard R. Ernst Economics, Ronald H. Coase Literature, Nadine Gordimer Medicine, Erwin Neher Medicine, Bert Sakmann Peace, Aung San Suu Kyi Physics, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1990 - Chemistry, Elias James Corey Economics, Harry M. Markowitz Economics, Merton H. Miller Economics, William F. Sharpe Literature, Octavio Paz Medicine, Joseph E. Murray Medicine, E. Donnall Thomas Peace, Mikhail Gorbachev Physics, Jerome I. Friedman Physics, Henry W. Kendall Physics, Richard E. Taylor
1989 - Chemistry, Sidney Altman Chemistry, Thomas R. Cech Economics, Trygve Haavelmo Literature, Camilo José Cela Medicine, J. Michael Bishop Medicine, Harold E. Varmus Peace, The 14th Dalai Lama Physics, Hans G. Dehmelt Physics, Wolfgang Paul Physics, Norman F. Ramsey
1988 - Chemistry, Johann Deisenhofer Chemistry, Robert Huber Chemistry, Hartmut Michel Economics, Maurice Allais Literature, Naguib Mahfouz Medicine, Sir James W. Black Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion Medicine, George H. Hitchings Peace, United Nations Peacekeeping Forces Physics, Leon M. Lederman Physics, Melvin Schwartz Physics, Jack Steinberger
1987 - Chemistry, Donald J. Cram Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn Chemistry, Charles J. Pedersen Economics, Robert M. Solow Literature, Joseph Brodsky Medicine, Susumu Tonegawa Peace, Oscar Arias Sánchez Physics, J. Georg Bednorz Physics, K. Alex Müller
1986 - Chemistry, Dudley R. Herschbach Chemistry, Yuan T. Lee Chemistry, John C. Polanyi Economics, James M. Buchanan Jr. Literature, Wole Soyinka Medicine, Stanley Cohen Medicine, Rita Levi-Montalcini Peace, Elie Wiesel Physics, Gerd Binnig Physics, Heinrich Rohrer Physics, Ernst Ruska
1985 - Chemistry, Herbert A. Hauptman Chemistry, Jerome Karle Economics, Franco Modigliani Literature, Claude Simon Medicine, Michael S. Brown Medicine, Joseph L. Goldstein Peace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Physics, Klaus von Klitzing
1984 - Chemistry, Bruce Merrifield Economics, Richard Stone Literature, Jaroslav Seifert Medicine, Niels K. Jerne Medicine, Georges J.F. Köhler Medicine, César Milstein Peace, Desmond Tutu Physics, Carlo Rubbia Physics, Simon van der Meer
1983 - Chemistry, Henry Taube Economics, Gerard Debreu Literature, William Golding Medicine, Barbara McClintock Peace, Lech Walesa Physics, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar Physics, William A. Fowler
1982 - Chemistry, Aaron Klug Economics, George J. Stigler Literature, Gabriel García Márquez Medicine, Sune K. Bergström Medicine, Bengt I. Samuelsson Medicine, John R. Vane Peace, Alfonso García Robles Peace, Alva Myrdal Physics, Kenneth G. Wilson
1981 - Chemistry, Kenichi Fukui Chemistry, Roald Hoffmann Economics, James Tobin Literature, Elias Canetti Medicine, David H. Hubel Medicine, Roger W. Sperry Medicine, Torsten N. Wiesel Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Physics, Nicolaas Bloembergen Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow Physics, Kai M. Siegbahn
1980 - Chemistry, Paul Berg Chemistry, Walter Gilbert Chemistry, Frederick Sanger Economics, Lawrence R. Klein Literature, Czeslaw Milosz Medicine, Baruj Benacerraf Medicine, Jean Dausset Medicine, George D. Snell Peace, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel Physics, James Cronin Physics, Val Fitch
1979 - Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown Chemistry, Georg Wittig Economics, Sir Arthur Lewis Economics, Theodore W. Schultz Literature, Odysseus Elytis Medicine, Allan M. Cormack Medicine, Godfrey N. Hounsfield Peace, Mother Teresa Physics, Sheldon Glashow Physics, Abdus Salam Physics, Steven Weinberg
1978 - Chemistry, Peter Mitchell Economics, Herbert A. Simon Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer Medicine, Werner Arber Medicine, Daniel Nathans Medicine, Hamilton O. Smith Peace, Anwar al-Sadat Peace, Menachem Begin Physics, Pyotr Kapitsa Physics, Arno Penzias Physics, Robert Woodrow Wilson
1977 - Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine Economics, James E. Meade Economics, Bertil Ohlin Literature, Vicente Aleixandre Medicine, Roger Guillemin Medicine, Andrew V. Schally Medicine, Rosalyn Yalow Peace, Amnesty International Physics, Philip W. Anderson Physics, Sir Nevill F. Mott Physics, John H. van Vleck
1976 - Chemistry, William Lipscomb Economics, Milton Friedman Literature, Saul Bellow Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg Medicine, D. Carleton Gajdusek Peace, Mairead Corrigan Peace, Betty Williams Physics, Burton Richter Physics, Samuel C.C. Ting
1975 - Chemistry, John Cornforth Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog Economics, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans Literature, Eugenio Montale Medicine, David Baltimore Medicine, Renato Dulbecco Medicine, Howard M. Temin Peace, Andrei Sakharov Physics, Aage N. Bohr Physics, Ben R. Mottelson Physics, James Rainwater
1974 - Chemistry, Paul J. Flory Economics, Gunnar Myrdal Economics, Friedrich August von Hayek Literature, Eyvind Johnson Literature, Harry Martinson Medicine, Albert Claude Medicine, Christian de Duve Medicine, George E. Palade Peace, Seán MacBride Peace, Eisaku Sato Physics, Antony Hewish Physics, Martin Ryle
1973 - Chemistry, Ernst Otto Fischer Chemistry, Geoffrey Wilkinson Economics, Wassily Leontief Literature, Patrick White Medicine, Konrad Lorenz Medicine, Nikolaas Tinbergen Medicine, Karl von Frisch Peace, Le Duc Tho Peace, Henry Kissinger Physics, Leo Esaki Physics, Ivar Giaever Physics, Brian D. Josephson
1972 - Chemistry, Christian Anfinsen Chemistry, Stanford Moore Chemistry, William H. Stein Economics, Kenneth J. Arrow Economics, John R. Hicks Literature, Heinrich Böll Medicine, Gerald M. Edelman Medicine, Rodney R. Porter Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, John Bardeen Physics, Leon N. Cooper Physics, Robert Schrieffer
1971 - Chemistry, Gerhard Herzberg Economics, Simon Kuznets Literature, Pablo Neruda Medicine, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. Peace, Willy Brandt Physics, Dennis Gabor
1970 - Chemistry, Luis Leloir Economics, Paul A. Samuelson Literature, Alexandr Solzhenitsyn Medicine, Julius Axelrod Medicine, Sir Bernard Katz Medicine, Ulf von Euler Peace, Norman Borlaug Physics, Hannes Alfvén Physics, Louis Néel
1969 - Chemistry, Derek Barton Chemistry, Odd Hassel Economics, Ragnar Frisch Economics, Jan Tinbergen Literature, Samuel Beckett Medicine, Max Delbrück Medicine, Alfred D. Hershey Medicine, Salvador E. Luria Peace, International Labour Organization Physics, Murray Gell-Mann
1968 - Chemistry, Lars Onsager Literature, Yasunari Kawabata Medicine, Robert W. Holley Medicine, H. Gobind Khorana Medicine, Marshall W. Nirenberg Peace, René Cassin Physics, Luis Alvarez
1967 - Chemistry, Manfred Eigen Chemistry, Ronald G.W. Norrish Chemistry, George Porter Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias Medicine, Ragnar Granit Medicine, Haldan K. Hartline Medicine, George Wald Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Hans Bethe
1966 - Chemistry, Robert S. Mulliken Literature, Shmuel Agnon Literature, Nelly Sachs Medicine, Charles B. Huggins Medicine, Peyton Rous Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Alfred Kastler
1965 - Chemistry, Robert B. Woodward Literature, Mikhail Sholokhov Medicine, François Jacob Medicine, André Lwoff Medicine, Jacques Monod Peace, United Nations Children's Fund Physics, Richard P. Feynman Physics, Julian Schwinger Physics, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
1964 - Chemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Literature, Jean-Paul Sartre Medicine, Konrad Bloch Medicine, Feodor Lynen Peace, Martin Luther King Jr. Physics, Nicolay G. Basov Physics, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov Physics, Charles H. Townes
1963 - Chemistry, Giulio Natta Chemistry, Karl Ziegler Literature, Giorgos Seferis Medicine, Sir John Eccles Medicine, Alan L. Hodgkin Medicine, Andrew F. Huxley Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross Peace, League of Red Cross Societies Physics, Maria Goeppert-Mayer Physics, J. Hans D. Jensen Physics, Eugene Wigner
1962 - Chemistry, John C. Kendrew Chemistry, Max F. Perutz Literature, John Steinbeck Medicine, Francis Crick Medicine, James Watson Medicine, Maurice Wilkins Peace, Linus Pauling Physics, Lev Landau
1961 - Chemistry, Melvin Calvin Literature, Ivo Andric Medicine, Georg von Békésy Peace, Dag Hammarskjöld Physics, Robert Hofstadter Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer
1960 - Chemistry, Willard F. Libby Literature, Saint-John Perse Medicine, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Medicine, Peter Medawar Peace, Albert Lutuli Physics, Donald A. Glaser
1959 - Chemistry, Jaroslav Heyrovsky Literature, Salvatore Quasimodo Medicine, Arthur Kornberg Medicine, Severo Ochoa Peace, Philip Noel-Baker Physics, Owen Chamberlain Physics, Emilio Segrè
1958 - Chemistry, Frederick Sanger Literature, Boris Pasternak Medicine, George Beadle Medicine, Joshua Lederberg Medicine, Edward Tatum Peace, Georges Pire Physics, Pavel A. Cherenkov Physics, Il´ja M. Frank Physics, Igor Y. Tamm
1957 - Chemistry, Lord Todd Literature, Albert Camus Medicine, Daniel Bovet Peace, Lester Bowles Pearson Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee Physics, Chen Ning Yang
1956 - Chemistry, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood Chemistry, Nikolay Semenov Literature, Juan Ramón Jiménez Medicine, André F. Cournand Medicine, Werner Forssmann Medicine, Dickinson W. Richards Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, John Bardeen Physics, Walter H. Brattain Physics, William B. Shockley
1955 - Chemistry, Vincent du Vigneaud Literature, Halldór Laxness Medicine, Hugo Theorell Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Polykarp Kusch Physics, Willis E. Lamb
1954 - Chemistry, Linus Pauling Literature, Ernest Hemingway Medicine, John F. Enders Medicine, Frederick C. Robbins Medicine, Thomas H. Weller Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Physics, Max Born Physics, Walther Bothe
1953 - Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger Literature, Winston Churchill Medicine, Hans Krebs Medicine, Fritz Lipmann Peace, George C. Marshall Physics, Frits Zernike
1952 - Chemistry, Archer J.P. Martin Chemistry, Richard L.M. Synge Literature, François Mauriac Medicine, Selman A. Waksman Peace, Albert Schweitzer Physics, Felix Bloch Physics, E. M. Purcell
1951 - Chemistry, Edwin M. McMillan Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg Literature, Pär Lagerkvist Medicine, Max Theiler Peace, Léon Jouhaux Physics, John Cockcroft Physics, Ernest T.S. Walton
1950 - Chemistry, Kurt Alder Chemistry, Otto Diels Literature, Bertrand Russell Medicine, Philip S. Hench Medicine, Edward C. Kendall Medicine, Tadeus Reichstein Peace, Ralph Bunche Physics, Cecil Powell
1949 - Chemistry, William F. Giauque Literature, William Faulkner Medicine, Walter Hess Medicine, Egas Moniz Peace, Lord Boyd Orr Physics, Hideki Yukawa
1948 - Chemistry, Arne Tiselius Literature, T.S. Eliot Medicine, Paul Müller Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Patrick M.S. Blackett 1947 - Chemistry, Sir Robert Robinson Literature, André Gide Medicine, Carl Cori Medicine, Gerty Cori Medicine, Bernardo Houssay Peace, Friends Service Council Peace, American Friends Service Committee Physics, Edward V. Appleton
1946 - Chemistry, John H. Northrop Chemistry, Wendell M. Stanley Chemistry, James B. Sumner Literature, Hermann Hesse Medicine, Hermann J. Muller Peace, Emily Greene Balch Peace, John R. Mott Physics, Percy W. Bridgman
1945 - Chemistry, Artturi Virtanen Literature, Gabriela Mistral Medicine, Ernst B. Chain Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Medicine, Sir Howard Florey Peace, Cordell Hull Physics, Wolfgang Pauli
1944 - Chemistry, Otto Hahn Literature, Johannes V. Jensen Medicine, Joseph Erlanger Medicine, Herbert S. Gasser Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross Physics, Isidor Isaac Rabi
1943 - Chemistry, George de Hevesy Literature, No Prize was Awarded Medicine, Henrik Dam Medicine, Edward A. Doisy Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Otto Stern
1942 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded Literature, No Prize was Awarded Medicine, No Prize was Awarded Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1941 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded Literature, No Prize was Awarded Medicine, No Prize was Awarded Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1940 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded Literature, No Prize was Awarded Medicine, No Prize was Awarded Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1939 - Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt Chemistry, Leopold Ruzicka Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää Medicine, Gerhard Domagk Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Ernest Lawrence
1938 - Chemistry, Richard Kuhn Literature, Pearl Buck Medicine, Corneille Heymans Peace, Nansen International Office for Refugees Physics, Enrico Fermi
1937 - Chemistry, Norman Haworth Chemistry, Paul Karrer Literature, Roger Martin du Gard Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Peace, Robert Cecil Physics, Clinton Davisson Physics, George Paget Thomson
1936 - Chemistry, Peter Debye Literature, Eugene O'Neill Medicine, Sir Henry Dale Medicine, Otto Loewi Peace, Carlos Saavedra Lamas Physics, Carl D. Anderson Physics, Victor F. Hess
1935 - Chemistry, Frédéric Joliot Chemistry, Irène Joliot-Curie Literature, No Prize was Awarded Medicine, Hans Spemann Peace, Carl von Ossietzky Physics, James Chadwick
1934 - Chemistry, Harold C. Urey Literature, Luigi Pirandello Medicine, George R. Minot Medicine, William P. Murphy Medicine, George H. Whipple Peace, Arthur Henderson Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1933 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded Literature, Ivan Bunin Medicine, Thomas H. Morgan Peace, Sir Norman Angell Physics, Paul A.M. Dirac Physics, Erwin Schrödinger
1932 - Chemistry, Irving Langmuir Literature, John Galsworthy Medicine, Edgar Adrian Medicine, Sir Charles Sherrington Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Werner Heisenberg
1931 - Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius Chemistry, Carl Bosch Literature, Erik Axel Karlfeldt Medicine, Otto Warburg Peace, Jane Addams Peace, Nicholas Murray Butler Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1930 - Chemistry, Hans Fischer Literature, Sinclair Lewis Medicine, Karl Landsteiner Peace, Nathan Söderblom Physics, Sir Venkata Raman
1929 - Chemistry, Arthur Harden Chemistry, Hans von Euler-Chelpin Literature, Thomas Mann Medicine, Christiaan Eijkman Medicine, Sir Frederick Hopkins Peace, Frank B. Kellogg Physics, Louis de Broglie
1928 - Chemistry, Adolf Windaus Literature, Sigrid Undset Medicine, Charles Nicolle Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Owen Willans Richardson
1927 - Chemistry, Heinrich Wieland Literature, Henri Bergson Medicine, Julius Wagner-Jauregg Peace, Ferdinand Buisson Peace, Ludwig Quidde Physics, Arthur H. Compton Physics, C.T.R. Wilson
1926 - Chemistry, The Svedberg Literature, Grazia Deledda Medicine, Johannes Fibiger Peace, Aristide Briand Peace, Gustav Stresemann Physics, Jean Baptiste Perrin
1925 - Chemistry, Richard Zsigmondy Literature, George Bernard Shaw Medicine, No Prize was Awarded Peace, Sir Austen Chamberlain Peace, Charles G. Dawes Physics, James Franck Physics, Gustav Hertz
1924 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded Literature, Wladyslaw Reymont Medicine, Willem Einthoven Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Manne Siegbahn
1923 - Chemistry, Fritz Pregl Literature, William Butler Yeats Medicine, Frederick G. Banting Medicine, John Macleod Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Robert A. Millikan
1922 - Chemistry, Francis W. Aston Literature, Jacinto Benavente Medicine, Archibald V. Hill Medicine, Otto Meyerhof Peace, Fridtjof Nansen Physics, Niels Bohr
1921 - Chemistry, Frederick Soddy Literature, Anatole France Medicine, No Prize was Awarded Peace, Hjalmar Branting Peace, Christian Lange Physics, Albert Einstein
1920 - Chemistry, Walther Nernst Literature, Knut Hamsun Medicine, August Krogh Peace, Léon Bourgeois Physics, Charles Edouard Guillaume
1919 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded Literature, Carl Spitteler Medicine, Jules Bordet Peace, Woodrow Wilson Physics, Johannes Stark
1918 - Chemistry, Fritz Haber Literature, No Prize was Awarded Medicine, No Prize was Awarded Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Max Planck
1917 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded Literature, Karl Gjellerup Literature, Henrik Pontoppidan Medicine, No Prize was Awarded Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross Physics, Charles Glover Barkla
1916 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded Literature, Verner von Heidenstam Medicine, No Prize was Awarded Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1915 - Chemistry, Richard Willstätter Literature, Romain Rolland Medicine, No Prize was Awarded Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, William Bragg Physics, Lawrence Bragg
1914 - Chemistry, Theodore W. Richards Literature, No Prize was Awarded Medicine, Robert Bárány Peace, No Prize was Awarded Physics, Max von Laue
1913 - Chemistry, Alfred Werner Literature, Rabindranath Tagore Medicine, Charles Richet Peace, Henri La Fontaine Physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1912 - Chemistry, Victor Grignard Chemistry, Paul Sabatier Literature, Gerhart Hauptmann Medicine, Alexis Carrel Peace, Elihu Root Physics, Gustaf Dalén
1911 - Chemistry, Marie Curie Literature, Maurice Maeterlinck Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand Peace, Tobias Asser Peace, Alfred Fried Physics, Wilhelm Wien
1910 - Chemistry, Otto Wallach Literature, Paul Heyse Medicine, Albrecht Kossel Peace, Permanent International Peace Bureau Physics, Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1909 - Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald Literature, Selma Lagerlöf Medicine, Theodor Kocher Peace, Auguste Beernaert Peace, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant Physics, Ferdinand Braun Physics, Guglielmo Marconi
1908 - Chemistry, Ernest Rutherford Literature, Rudolf Eucken Medicine, Paul Ehrlich Medicine, Ilya Mechnikov Peace, Klas Pontus Arnoldson Peace, Fredrik Bajer Physics, Gabriel Lippmann
1907 - Chemistry, Eduard Buchner Literature, Rudyard Kipling Medicine, Alphonse Laveran Peace, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta Peace, Louis Renault Physics, Albert A. Michelson
1906 - Chemistry, Henri Moissan Literature, Giosuè Carducci Medicine, Camillo Golgi Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal Peace, Theodore Roosevelt Physics, J.J. Thomson
1905 - Chemistry, Adolf von Baeyer Literature, Henryk Sienkiewicz Medicine, Robert Koch Peace, Bertha von Suttner Physics, Philipp Lenard
1904 - Chemistry, Sir William Ramsay Literature, José Echegaray Literature, Frédéric Mistral Medicine, Ivan Pavlov Peace, Institute of International Law Physics, Lord Rayleigh
1903 - Chemistry, Svante Arrhenius Literature, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson Medicine, Niels Ryberg Finsen Peace, Randal Cremer Physics, Henri Becquerel Physics, Pierre Curie Physics, Marie Curie
1902 - Chemistry, Emil Fischer Literature, Theodor Mommsen Medicine, Ronald Ross Peace, Élie Ducommun Peace, Albert Gobat Physics, Hendrik A. Lorentz Physics, Pieter Zeeman
1901 - Chemistry, Jacobus H. van 't Hoff Literature, Sully Prudhomme Medicine, Emil von Behring Peace, Henry Dunant Peace, Frédéric Passy Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Is Tehran coming to the end of its days as a capital city?
