Thursday, December 31, 2009
Bollywood supper star amir khan
Bollywood actor, Aamir Khan was born on 14 March, 1965 in Mumbai, India.
Aamir’s full name is Aamir Hussain Khan. His father name is Tahir Hussain,
he is a film producer and his mother name is Zeena Hussain Khan. Aamir’s
uncle Nasir Hussain was the good film director. He has two sisters and their
name’s are Nikhat , Farhad and one brother his name is Faisal Khan.
He completed his study from N.M. College. Aamir khan and his brother,
both of them have done film- Mela, in 2002. Aamir’s cousin Mansoor
Khan is also good film director.
Aamir Khan is married to Reena Datta in 1988. He has two children: one son
Junaid and other daughter Aaira. Reena Datta has worked as a producer for
the film Lagaan, she never involved in Aamir Khan’s career.
In 2003, Aamir Khan was legally separated with his wife and Aamir had relation
with an assistant Kiran Rao to director Ashutosh Gowariker of the movie-Lagaan.
On December 28, 2005, Kiran Rao became his wife.
At the age of eight years, he has acted in film- Yaadon Ki Baraat as a
child-actor in 1973. Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak was his first super hit
movie as a hero. After some years, he has written screenplay for the
movie-Hum Hain Rahi Pyaar Ke. His Raja Hindustani was the super hit
film at the box office. Aamir Khan and Karishma Kapoor, both has done
good job in this film in 1996 , Aamir got name and fame overnight after
that movie. In 1998, he did playback singing for his super hit film-Ghulam.
He performed well in this film and appreciated by the audiences.
Aamir Khan has done memorable characters in so many movies such as Qayamat
Se Qayamat Tak, Andaz Apna Apna, Dil Chahta Hai, Rangeela, Dil Hai
Ke Manta Nahin and Mangal Pandey. His latest movie- Rang De Basanti,
which was released in January 2006, did do well at the box office.
Aamir Khan’s Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India has successful at
the box office in India. In 2001, this movie was nominated for the
Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
Aamir Khan was nominated for Filmfare awards as a Best Actor for various
movies such as Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin, Andaz Apna Apna, Akele Hum Akele Tum,
Sarfarosh and The Rising. He won awards as a Best Actor for Raja Hindustani,
Dil Chahta Hai and Lagaan: Once Upon A Time in India. He has also received
the National Film Awards for Best Actor in Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India.
Aamir Khan’s forthcoming movies are Fanaa and Mani Ratnam’s untitled movie.
Aamir Khan’s height is five feet and eight inches. His eyes are in black color.
He likes Om Puri, Raghuvir Yadav and Dilip Kumar very much. His favorite
actresses are Geeta Bali, Sridevi, Waheeda Rehman and Madhubala. He always
wants to watch Pyaasa in free-time. He likes Indian and Moghlai disher
very much. He would like to do so many films in his life.
Information collect from
http://amirkhansite.com/
Salman Khan wants to get married and have children!
By Subhash K Jha: Even as he shoots in Panchgani for his home
production Dabanng (produced by Arbaaz Khan) Salman has his
hands full with loads and loads of young fans, who seem to be
flocking into his temporary residence in numbers larger than
the security can handle.
The reason for this is simple. Salman is staying at a resort
called the Ravine in Panchgani. And right next door is a kids' school.
Once the kids got to know who's staying next-door they have been
abandoning their studies, climbing across the wall dividing the school
from the resort to meet their Salman Uncle.
Says a source close to Salman, "Once the school kids from
the school next-door got to know Salman was staying at the resort
they've been spending as much time as possible with
the star in their midst. At first the Dabanng unit tried to keep
Salman's presence at the Ravine a secret. But the news of his
presence spread like wildfire and the kids are now flocking in
wide numbers every day."
Salman has been entertaining his next-door neighbors in all the
time he has away from shooting.
Says the source, "He gives the kids instructions on physical
training, health, diet and hygiene. But then he got to know that
they've been climbing over the dividing wall and probably
bunking classes. Now he's very particular about when and how
they make they come to meet him."
The source says Salman's attachment to kids is growing by the day.
He has been heard telling his close family and friends that he wants
to get married and have children.
news collect from
http://www.newkerala.com/news/fullnews-21402.html
Shahrukh Khan's New year 2010 celebration
Along with being good friends and doing a lot of things together,
it seems that bolywood supper star Shahrukh Khan and Karan Johar are in sync with their new year's celebrations as well.
Mannat, SRK's Bandra residence seems to be the place to be for SRK in keeping with plans for a quiet family time.
While Karan continues to move ahead with the editing
and soundwork of MY NAME IS KHAN in Mumbai, which compels him to
abandon celebration.
Sources reveal that Karan's initial plans were to ring in the New
Year abroad with Dubai villa as the pit-stop for SRK over the holidays.
Now it seems that SRK will return from Dubai to spend a quiet new year
at his home with Karan canceling his overseas plans as he did last year
due to the November terror attacks in Mumbai.
Monday, December 28, 2009
avatar is a supper 3d movie which earns high return
the 3d avatar movie by James Cameron towers high at $75 million,
which is almost 20 million dollars higher than runner-up '
Sherlock Holmes'. A strong Christmas Day at the U.S. Box
Office didn't give " Sherlock Holmes " the push it needed
to dethrone James Cameron's sci-fi love story " Avatar "
over the weekend (25-27 Dec 09).
it was the top film in the U.S. and Canada with $75 million in sales
as Hollywood posted its highest-grossing weekend ever.
Receipts totaled $278 million.
the director of avatar mr.james cameron is more often
than not the main marketing tool. He has endorsed RealD,
says the company, which has about 5,000 screens using its system.
But he, his wife and his production partner were photographed
at the premiere in Japan wearing XpanD glasses, which work on
2,000 screens worldwide. Dolby says its glasses work with 2,200 screens,
but it has no Cameron connection. The company helpfully
points out instead how a malfunction in the RealD system
spoiled a press preview of "Avatar."
The battle over what glasses patrons wear is a big deal because
exhibitors are convinced that 3-D, while seeming like a gimmick now,
will lure movie lovers away from their crisp high-definition
widescreen TVs at home and back to the theater. But Maria Costeira,
the chief executive of XpanD, believes the sky's
the limit: "Eventually, we'll see 3-D movies on airplanes as well."
The fight over the glasses may well intensify because TV makers are now
pushing 3-D TVs for the home as a way to increase their sales of more expensive sets.
Despite the marketing effort, when it comes down to choosing a 3-D system,
many exhibitors are making a decision based on one factor: Do they want
to be in the cleaning as well as the movie business?
The expensive Dolby and XpanD glasses are going into a dishwasher after each use,
not the trash. Both companies recommend that theater owners clean
them in an industrial-grade machine. (To prevent pilfering, Dolby
and XpanD glasses can also contain built-in antitheft tags that can
be activated by exit-door sensors.)
XpanD offers its theater partners disposable wipes that it can
distribute to customers along with their tickets to assure them
the glasses are germ-free.
RealD, whose cheap throwaway glasses were being perceived as a liability,
has addressed concerns of hygiene. Theater owners are now encouraged to
ship back the used glasses to the company, which will clean, repair and
repackage them for other theaters.
But in all the hubbub about each product's advantages and which system
Mr. Cameron really, truly loves, the most important question remains
unanswered: does one system create a better looking 3-D picture than another?
"I don't think the consumer can tell the difference," said Joe Miraglia,
the director of design, construction, and facilities for ArcLight Cinemas,
a chain of luxury theaters based in Hollywood. The movie chain uses each
system in one or more of its theaters, and finds the cost of operation to
be roughly the same for all.
While Mr. Miraglia uses RealD in several theaters, he chose XpanD's
LCD glasses for the large curved screen in the company's flagship Cinerama
Dome theater on Sunset Boulevard. This is similar to the technology that
will be used by Panasonic, Sony and others as they bring 3-D HDTV to
market next year. Recently, electronics makers set standards for creating
3-D Blu-ray discs and players.
But in order to make the wearing of 3-D glasses as routine as ordering popcorn,
the makers need some help in the design department. Many of the glasses
resemble the "fitover," or wraparound sunglasses favored by senior
citizens in the Sun Belt, a look that is not appealing to young moviegoers.
RealD and XpanD hope that 3-D will soon become a fashion statement.
In addition to its standard movie glasses, RealD is introducing child-size
versions, as well as high-style 3-D specs that people can wear without
embarrassment out in the three-dimensional world as sunglasses or prescription lenses.
Ms. Costeira of XpanD thinks personalized designs that can be used
with 3-D HDTVs and video games could turn into something big. "Stylish,
thin and light, 3-D glasses will become your new iPod," she said.
which is almost 20 million dollars higher than runner-up '
Sherlock Holmes'. A strong Christmas Day at the U.S. Box
Office didn't give " Sherlock Holmes " the push it needed
to dethrone James Cameron's sci-fi love story " Avatar "
over the weekend (25-27 Dec 09).
it was the top film in the U.S. and Canada with $75 million in sales
as Hollywood posted its highest-grossing weekend ever.
Receipts totaled $278 million.
the director of avatar mr.james cameron is more often
than not the main marketing tool. He has endorsed RealD,
says the company, which has about 5,000 screens using its system.
But he, his wife and his production partner were photographed
at the premiere in Japan wearing XpanD glasses, which work on
2,000 screens worldwide. Dolby says its glasses work with 2,200 screens,
but it has no Cameron connection. The company helpfully
points out instead how a malfunction in the RealD system
spoiled a press preview of "Avatar."
The battle over what glasses patrons wear is a big deal because
exhibitors are convinced that 3-D, while seeming like a gimmick now,
will lure movie lovers away from their crisp high-definition
widescreen TVs at home and back to the theater. But Maria Costeira,
the chief executive of XpanD, believes the sky's
the limit: "Eventually, we'll see 3-D movies on airplanes as well."
The fight over the glasses may well intensify because TV makers are now
pushing 3-D TVs for the home as a way to increase their sales of more expensive sets.
Despite the marketing effort, when it comes down to choosing a 3-D system,
many exhibitors are making a decision based on one factor: Do they want
to be in the cleaning as well as the movie business?
The expensive Dolby and XpanD glasses are going into a dishwasher after each use,
not the trash. Both companies recommend that theater owners clean
them in an industrial-grade machine. (To prevent pilfering, Dolby
and XpanD glasses can also contain built-in antitheft tags that can
be activated by exit-door sensors.)
XpanD offers its theater partners disposable wipes that it can
distribute to customers along with their tickets to assure them
the glasses are germ-free.
RealD, whose cheap throwaway glasses were being perceived as a liability,
has addressed concerns of hygiene. Theater owners are now encouraged to
ship back the used glasses to the company, which will clean, repair and
repackage them for other theaters.
But in all the hubbub about each product's advantages and which system
Mr. Cameron really, truly loves, the most important question remains
unanswered: does one system create a better looking 3-D picture than another?
"I don't think the consumer can tell the difference," said Joe Miraglia,
the director of design, construction, and facilities for ArcLight Cinemas,
a chain of luxury theaters based in Hollywood. The movie chain uses each
system in one or more of its theaters, and finds the cost of operation to
be roughly the same for all.
While Mr. Miraglia uses RealD in several theaters, he chose XpanD's
LCD glasses for the large curved screen in the company's flagship Cinerama
Dome theater on Sunset Boulevard. This is similar to the technology that
will be used by Panasonic, Sony and others as they bring 3-D HDTV to
market next year. Recently, electronics makers set standards for creating
3-D Blu-ray discs and players.
But in order to make the wearing of 3-D glasses as routine as ordering popcorn,
the makers need some help in the design department. Many of the glasses
resemble the "fitover," or wraparound sunglasses favored by senior
citizens in the Sun Belt, a look that is not appealing to young moviegoers.
RealD and XpanD hope that 3-D will soon become a fashion statement.
In addition to its standard movie glasses, RealD is introducing child-size
versions, as well as high-style 3-D specs that people can wear without
embarrassment out in the three-dimensional world as sunglasses or prescription lenses.
Ms. Costeira of XpanD thinks personalized designs that can be used
with 3-D HDTVs and video games could turn into something big. "Stylish,
thin and light, 3-D glasses will become your new iPod," she said.
Nicole Kidman's daily walk in sydney
MOVIE supper star Nicole Kidman takes a Sunday stroll every day of the week.
Dressed for the harsh Aussie Christmas sun, she and hubby Keith
Urban go for a daily walk with 17-month-old daughter Sunday Rose in Sydney.
In her Sunday best off the shoulder summer dress, the 42-year-old star
of hit musical Nine is in great shape thanks to training for her tough
dance routines in the film.
Little Sunday Rose looks pretty cool too, considering temperatures can
hit 40°C at this time of year.
But mum Nicole will soon be off to the studios again - to star in The
Danish Girl as a post-op transsexual who marries Gwyneth Paltrow.
Doesn't sound like Sunday viewing
Rachel McAdams travels in time with ‘Sherlock Holmes’
Fresh from the romance-fantasy hit “The Time Traveler’s Wife,
” Rachel McAdams now literally goes to the past in Warner Bros.’
Victorian era-set action-adventure “Sherlock Holmes.” McAdams
portrays Irene Adler, the only woman ever to have bested
Holmes and who has maintained a tempestuous relationship with the detective.
Directed by Guy Ritchie and produced by Joel Silver, “Sherlock
Holmes” stars Robert Downey Jr. in the title role, Jude Law as
Watson and Mark Strong as the villain Blackwood.
In the following interview, McAdams articulates her thoughts on
“Sherlock Holmes” and why she agreed to do the film.
Q: Can you talk a little bit about Irene Adler, Sherlock’s love interest?
A: Well, Irene is really fun because she’s totally a kind
of woman for the late 1800s. She’s very independent. She’s
very active. She kind of lives in the underworld. There’s
only one story where Irene is introduced, “Scandal in Bohemia,”
and it’s a really fun story between her and Sherlock. She happens
to beat Sherlock at his own game, and it’s the first time a woman has ever done that.
So we developed this kind of strange love affair, (laughs)
a very unique love affair. We just kind of played on that,
but we’re very competitive with one another and we’re trying
to outsmart each other all the time, and yet trying to have
this odd, normal relationship, which is nearly impossible. It’s fun.
Q: What’s it like playing games with Robert Downey Jr.?
A: I really think that Robert is the modern day superhero.
I mean, you should see him work. He’s so committed and so ripped. (Laughs).
Q: Robert said it’s really embarrassing that you always kick
his ass, and that Irene Adler just lays out Sherlock seemingly at will…
A: That’s Guy Richie’s fault, because like every three scenes,
he’d go, “How about you kick him in the nuts? (Laughs) But we
haven’t done that for at least 10 days.
Q: How much did you use Arthur Conan Doyle’s books as reference
for your character and for the film as a whole?
A: I combed the 10 pages that I was in (laughs) over and over.
I read it backwards and upside-down. Yeah. I mean it’s the “Scandal
in Bohemia” story, so I relied heavily on that. And then I
just played around with it from there – I had her in the circus,
and I had an adopted brother that died fighting for his revenge.
You build all these little things in your head so that it’s all
really urgent and dire. But I spent a lot of time with Arthur Conan Doyle’s Irene.
Q: Did you have a lot of fun doing this? Can you talk about the
costumes and how that worked within your character?
A: Yeah, Irene Adler is a really fun character to play, because
she’s quite different from a lot of women at that time. She’s
really her own boss. She’s a real free spirit. And she’s a woman
of the night and of the underworld. So she’s very acrobatic and
she has traveled all over the world. So, there’s a lot to play there.
And then the costumes – I mean, I’m such a girly-girl. So, it was
like a paper doll. I was in heaven just being dressed from the
head down. And the costumes are incredible – I mean, real-life
corsets with the bones and totally cinched in. I would try to
push my belly out in the morning when they would come and strap
me in. I mean, it really was like out of “Gone With the Wind”
and I’m holding onto the trailer door and trying to eke out just
a little bit of space so I can speak properly. But they managed
to squeeze me in everyday. They’d try to make me laugh, and on the
laugh, they’d yank. (Laughs) But it was so much fun to be that
authentic, to be really dropped right into the period. It was great.
(Opening soon across the Philippines, “Sherlock Holmes” is
distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, a Warner Bros. Entertainment Company.)
news collect from http://www.mb.com.ph/articles/235779/rachel-mcadams-travels-time-with-sherlock-holmes
Sunday, December 27, 2009
advice for car insurance
car insurance is very important for very car owner.
There are several ways to get cheap car insurance rates.
First, after looking over current insurance policies decide what
you feel must not be compromised and what can be altered.
Then check with several different insurance agencies.
Be sure to use the same limits, deductions and coverage
with each company. This will give you a well-rounded
look at which company may
offer insurance at the lowest price available to you
Then there are things that can be changed. Depending on
your state's insurance requirements adjustments may be made
to various payouts. For example, you may set the limit to a lower
amount which is payable for personal injury. If your
automobile is paid for you may discontinue full coverage
and opt to carry only liability and uninsured motorist.
Deductibles set at higher rates will yield lower monthly rates.
However, be careful when making adjustments to deductibles as
they need to be set at the highest amount possible, but still
be reachable in case you are involved in an accident.
If you no longer have teenagers or young adults living in your
household you may choose an option that many do not know is available.
Drivers under 25 can be excluded from driving your car. Most insurance
companies offer lower rates if they are assured younger drivers will
not be driving an automobile they are insuring. However, if you choose
this option, you must make sure younger drivers do not drive the insured vehicle.
If it is possible, pay the entire premium all at one time. Most companies
charge small fees when you pay the premium on a month by month basis.
The simplest way to save on auto insurance is to drive safely. If you can
remain ticket free rates usually decrease. Nothing speaks as loudly to an
insurance company as a clean driving record.
loan consolidation for private student
While trying to find the best private student
loan consolidation programs, you are advised to perform
your own quality research. Usually a good research can be done with the
assistance of the internet. As you go online, this helps
in discovering the best consolidation program for you. How?
By comparing one program with another and carefully checking
each one’s benefits as well as disadvantages.
College students must understand the fact that not all private
student loan consolidation programs are created equal. Therefore,
when you need to deal with the lending companies, it is best to
really understand and evaluate all information that they provide you,
especially when it comes to the program’s terms and conditions.
Likewise, you must ask if the student loan consolidation interest
rates are low enough and can help you in your quest to pay all your
financial responsibility. You might never know if there are rules
and contract clauses that are actually not favorable to your interest.
It is also helpful to use an online student loan debt consolidation
calculator to make the appropriate computations and arrive at various
data that can help you decide which mode of repayments are best suited for you.
As you are able to acquire a private student loan consolidation,
it is advisable that you should be organized right from the start
in keeping all documents and letters that pertain to the program.
Such documents are important as they have in them the student’s
involvement and obligation to the program. Loan documents should
be kept well and maintained up to the time that the student debt
consolidation loans are finally settled; such are evidences that
you are done with the loan, and thus will prevent
and future hassles or problems.
loan consolidation programs, you are advised to perform
your own quality research. Usually a good research can be done with the
assistance of the internet. As you go online, this helps
in discovering the best consolidation program for you. How?
By comparing one program with another and carefully checking
each one’s benefits as well as disadvantages.
College students must understand the fact that not all private
student loan consolidation programs are created equal. Therefore,
when you need to deal with the lending companies, it is best to
really understand and evaluate all information that they provide you,
especially when it comes to the program’s terms and conditions.
Likewise, you must ask if the student loan consolidation interest
rates are low enough and can help you in your quest to pay all your
financial responsibility. You might never know if there are rules
and contract clauses that are actually not favorable to your interest.
It is also helpful to use an online student loan debt consolidation
calculator to make the appropriate computations and arrive at various
data that can help you decide which mode of repayments are best suited for you.
As you are able to acquire a private student loan consolidation,
it is advisable that you should be organized right from the start
in keeping all documents and letters that pertain to the program.
Such documents are important as they have in them the student’s
involvement and obligation to the program. Loan documents should
be kept well and maintained up to the time that the student debt
consolidation loans are finally settled; such are evidences that
you are done with the loan, and thus will prevent
and future hassles or problems.
School loan consolidation
If you have fallen behind on your school loans,
you are facing higher interest rates and penalties.
Chances are that if you are like many young people today,
this precisely is the position that you are in. One of the
primary and initial resources that you will want to consider
making use of when it comes to developing your own set of
options when it comes to a student loan consolidation is
the Internet and World Wide Web. As with so many other things
in this day and age, the Net is becoming a reliable and valuable
resource when it comes to obtaining information pertaining to
what is available to you in regard to school loan consolidation options.
There are a variety of lenders that can aid and assist you with
a debt consolidation loan as you go about the task of finding
a loan through which you can consolidate your student loan debt.
You can obtain assistance from these lenders both in the real world
and on the Net. When it comes to lenders that might be able to assist
you with student loan consolidation, you will want to ishop around.
In the end, there can be some pretty significant differences in the
services that these different lenders provide.
Moreover, there can be some large differences in the interest rates
charges by different types of lenders that have involved themselves
in the school loan consolidation market. Different debt consolidation
loan lenders will offer different lending programs and you are best
served by taking the extra time to make certain you identify a debt
consolidation loan package that will best meet your needs and objectives.
Tuesday, November 3, 2009
Taking the capital out of a city
Is Tehran coming to the end of its days as a capital city?
Iran's rulers are considering plans to relocate the country's capital. They say Tehran is in danger of being struck by a major earthquake. So how easy is it to move a capital out of a city, and where might Iran's go? Penny Spiller reports.
Tehran is a sprawling metropolis at the foot of the Alborz mountain range. It is home to some 12 million people, and is the largest city in the Middle East.
Not only is it the political and economic heart of the country, the city has a cosmopolitan air with its museums, art galleries, parks and universities. It has been Iran's capital since 1795.
But now a powerful state body, the expediency council, has approved plans by Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to end Tehran's days as a capital.
These plans are not new. They are part of a long-term strategy to see the capital moved by 2025, and will need approval from many more government bodies before any relocation begins.
The government is said to be reacting to calls from Iranian seismologists, who have long warned that Tehran lies on at least 100 known fault lines, and would not survive a major quake intact.
The devastating earthquake that killed some 40,000 people in the south-eastern city of Bam in 2003 has certainly concentrated minds on the issue.
But the timing of this decision - coming as it does months after some of the worst anti-government riots Tehran has ever seen - is interesting, says Dominic Dudley, deputy editor of the London-based Middle East Economic Digest.
Tehran is very much a liberal enclave in Iran, he says - and it was many of those liberals who took to the streets complaining of fraud when conservative incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was declared winner of June's presidential election.
"It is tempting to view anything going on Iran these days through the lens of that dispute," Mr Dudley told the BBC. "It certainly wouldn't hurt the government to move away from the big centre of liberal protests and opposition."
But where would it move to?
Iranian seismologist Professor Bahram Akasheh told the Guardian newspaper that a new capital should be built between the holy city of Qom and Delijan, in Markazi province.
This is an area, he said, that has not seen an earthquake in 2,000 years.
However, Qom is the spiritual home of Iran's conservative Islamic establishment. Moving the capital nearer to Qom could be seen as a sign of the conservatives stamping their authority, says Mr Dudley.
Distorted market
Wherever the capital moves to, and for whatever reasons, the government will have some other important considerations to take into account if creating a capital from scratch, says Andrew Jones of the engineering, planning and architectural design firm AECOM.
One of the things about a new capital is that it tends to insulate the government from the pressures and influences of the big city
Claudio de MagalhaesUniversity College London
It is all very well moving government buildings and staff, but the new city will flounder if it has no cultural life and its economy is solely driven by the government.
"Generally, our capital cities are economic powerhouses as well as seats of government. That takes a long time to bed in," he told the BBC.
"A new city generally takes 10 to 20 years to build, it takes a century or more to mature into something that is an attractive and self-sustaining place."
Brazil's capital, Brasilia, might be an interesting example for the Iranian authorities to study.
It was built because the coastal location of the old seat of power, Rio de Janeiro, was deemed too far from large swathes of the country.
So the new capital was unveiled in a remote part of central Brazil in 1961.
Claudio de Magalhaes, senior lecturer in planning and urban regeneration at University College London, said this location suited the military government that came to power three years later.
CAPITAL MOVES
Brazil: Brasilia, 1961
Tanzania: Dodoma, 1973
Ivory Coast: Yamoussoukro, 1983
Nigeria: Abuja, 1991
Kazakhstan: Astana, 1997
Burma: Naypyidaw, 2005
"One of the things about a new capital is that it tends to insulate the government from the pressures and influences of the big city," he said.
"The military government found it very convenient to have the political class away from the city. You don't have any demonstrations on your doorstep. It's very easy to close the airport and access to the city whenever you see fit, which happened in the early days of the government."
In the beginning, Brasilia was inhabited mostly by people whose livelihoods depended on the government.
But over the years it grew, and grew, and grew - confounding the planners' expectations.
"What no-one had predicted was the growth in the satellite areas around the city. These were places peopled by construction workers, cleaners for government buildings, mechanics for employees' cars," Mr Magalhaes told the BBC.
In the early days, land in the centre of Brasilia - known as the pilot plan and now a Unesco heritage site - was compulsorily purchased and given to government ministries who were then able to offer homes to staff.
But as these assets were sold off, they reaped huge profits for the buyers as increasing numbers of people moving to the city sought to live in that area, Mr Magalhaes said.
"It distorted the market. And you had this strange situation whereby large houses with swimming pools outside Brasilia were much cheaper than a small flat in the centre," he said.
'Remake itself'
The total cost of moving Brazil's capital from Rio to Brasilia is so huge it has never really all been accounted for, Mr Magalhaes believes.
Even 20 years after Brasilia was created, the government was still having pay premiums to get people to move there, he adds.
Losing its capital status also had a huge effect on Rio, which had already seen its economy suffer as businesses migrated to Sao Paulo.
"Local politics became very low level and was dominated by its relationship with the drug lords," Mr Magalhaes said.
Andrew Jones of AECOM believes Tehran will also have a tough period of adjustment if it goes the same way as Rio.
"Although the underlying character of the city will stay, it will lose the added extras that come with being home to the seat of government. It will start to lose cultural institutions and some other components that make it a powerful place," he said.
"But I think Tehran will survive. It has been a major city for thousands of years, so it will recover and remake itself."
Iran's rulers are considering plans to relocate the country's capital. They say Tehran is in danger of being struck by a major earthquake. So how easy is it to move a capital out of a city, and where might Iran's go? Penny Spiller reports.
Tehran is a sprawling metropolis at the foot of the Alborz mountain range. It is home to some 12 million people, and is the largest city in the Middle East.
Not only is it the political and economic heart of the country, the city has a cosmopolitan air with its museums, art galleries, parks and universities. It has been Iran's capital since 1795.
But now a powerful state body, the expediency council, has approved plans by Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei to end Tehran's days as a capital.
These plans are not new. They are part of a long-term strategy to see the capital moved by 2025, and will need approval from many more government bodies before any relocation begins.
The government is said to be reacting to calls from Iranian seismologists, who have long warned that Tehran lies on at least 100 known fault lines, and would not survive a major quake intact.
The devastating earthquake that killed some 40,000 people in the south-eastern city of Bam in 2003 has certainly concentrated minds on the issue.
But the timing of this decision - coming as it does months after some of the worst anti-government riots Tehran has ever seen - is interesting, says Dominic Dudley, deputy editor of the London-based Middle East Economic Digest.
Tehran is very much a liberal enclave in Iran, he says - and it was many of those liberals who took to the streets complaining of fraud when conservative incumbent Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was declared winner of June's presidential election.
"It is tempting to view anything going on Iran these days through the lens of that dispute," Mr Dudley told the BBC. "It certainly wouldn't hurt the government to move away from the big centre of liberal protests and opposition."
But where would it move to?
Iranian seismologist Professor Bahram Akasheh told the Guardian newspaper that a new capital should be built between the holy city of Qom and Delijan, in Markazi province.
This is an area, he said, that has not seen an earthquake in 2,000 years.
However, Qom is the spiritual home of Iran's conservative Islamic establishment. Moving the capital nearer to Qom could be seen as a sign of the conservatives stamping their authority, says Mr Dudley.
Distorted market
Wherever the capital moves to, and for whatever reasons, the government will have some other important considerations to take into account if creating a capital from scratch, says Andrew Jones of the engineering, planning and architectural design firm AECOM.
One of the things about a new capital is that it tends to insulate the government from the pressures and influences of the big city
Claudio de MagalhaesUniversity College London
It is all very well moving government buildings and staff, but the new city will flounder if it has no cultural life and its economy is solely driven by the government.
"Generally, our capital cities are economic powerhouses as well as seats of government. That takes a long time to bed in," he told the BBC.
"A new city generally takes 10 to 20 years to build, it takes a century or more to mature into something that is an attractive and self-sustaining place."
Brazil's capital, Brasilia, might be an interesting example for the Iranian authorities to study.
It was built because the coastal location of the old seat of power, Rio de Janeiro, was deemed too far from large swathes of the country.
So the new capital was unveiled in a remote part of central Brazil in 1961.
Claudio de Magalhaes, senior lecturer in planning and urban regeneration at University College London, said this location suited the military government that came to power three years later.
CAPITAL MOVES
Brazil: Brasilia, 1961
Tanzania: Dodoma, 1973
Ivory Coast: Yamoussoukro, 1983
Nigeria: Abuja, 1991
Kazakhstan: Astana, 1997
Burma: Naypyidaw, 2005
"One of the things about a new capital is that it tends to insulate the government from the pressures and influences of the big city," he said.
"The military government found it very convenient to have the political class away from the city. You don't have any demonstrations on your doorstep. It's very easy to close the airport and access to the city whenever you see fit, which happened in the early days of the government."
In the beginning, Brasilia was inhabited mostly by people whose livelihoods depended on the government.
But over the years it grew, and grew, and grew - confounding the planners' expectations.
"What no-one had predicted was the growth in the satellite areas around the city. These were places peopled by construction workers, cleaners for government buildings, mechanics for employees' cars," Mr Magalhaes told the BBC.
In the early days, land in the centre of Brasilia - known as the pilot plan and now a Unesco heritage site - was compulsorily purchased and given to government ministries who were then able to offer homes to staff.
But as these assets were sold off, they reaped huge profits for the buyers as increasing numbers of people moving to the city sought to live in that area, Mr Magalhaes said.
"It distorted the market. And you had this strange situation whereby large houses with swimming pools outside Brasilia were much cheaper than a small flat in the centre," he said.
'Remake itself'
The total cost of moving Brazil's capital from Rio to Brasilia is so huge it has never really all been accounted for, Mr Magalhaes believes.
Even 20 years after Brasilia was created, the government was still having pay premiums to get people to move there, he adds.
Losing its capital status also had a huge effect on Rio, which had already seen its economy suffer as businesses migrated to Sao Paulo.
"Local politics became very low level and was dominated by its relationship with the drug lords," Mr Magalhaes said.
Andrew Jones of AECOM believes Tehran will also have a tough period of adjustment if it goes the same way as Rio.
"Although the underlying character of the city will stay, it will lose the added extras that come with being home to the seat of government. It will start to lose cultural institutions and some other components that make it a powerful place," he said.
"But I think Tehran will survive. It has been a major city for thousands of years, so it will recover and remake itself."
Tangled web of 'Black Widow' case
Grandmother Betty Neumar has had five husbands, some of whom died in suspicious circumstances. As she awaits trial in the US over the death of husband number four, film-maker Norman Hull investigates whether the woman known as 'The Black Widow' could really have been a serial killer.
Betty's daughters say she was 'dealt a bad hand'
For 22 years, Al Gentry begged investigators to take another look at the mystery surrounding the death of his brother.
Harold was shot six times in the home he shared with his wife Betty in North Carolina. The police investigation revealed no motive and no suspect.
Al was sure he knew the identity of the murderer and visited the sheriff's office dozens of times.
In 2007, Betty was arrested. The 77-year-old is now awaiting trial, charged with hiring a hit-man to shoot her husband.
Marriages revealed
"This is something I've been waiting a long time for," Al told me.
Betty, who says she was in Augusta, Georgia, the day her husband was killed, showed no emotion when she returned home to the news, he claims.
"If she had gotten out of that car with tears in her eyes and asked me why would anybody kill Harold, I would never have suspected her at all," he said.
Harold Gentry was shot six times in his home in North Carolina
Al believes Betty hired someone to kill Harold because he was seeing another woman.
After her arrest, authorities discovered that Betty had been married five times, and that each union had ended with the death of the husband.
The American media had a field day, suggesting that Betty had murdered all five of her husbands and dubbing her the Black Widow.
But where is the evidence? The more I looked into the story, the more it seemed to me to be a matter of assumption, presumption and speculation.
Born Betty Johnson in 1931 in Ohio, she graduated from high school in 1949, and married Clarence Malone in 1950. She was 18 and he was 19.
They were married for just over a year before they split up. A single shot to the head killed Clarence outside his car repair shop in 1970. His death was ruled a homicide.
FIVE HUSBANDS, FIVE FUNERALS
Clarence Malone, shot to death in 1970
James Flynn, died in New York in 1955
Richard Sills, allegedly shot himself in 1965
Harold Gentry, shot to death in 1986
John Neumar, died from natural causes in 2007
It is unclear when Betty and husband number two, James Flynn, met. But James died in 1955, a year or so after the couple's daughter Peggy was born. Betty told investigators he had "died on a pier" somewhere in New York.
Self-inflicted wound?
A decade later, Betty's third husband Richard Sills was shot dead in the bedroom of the couple's trailer home in Florida.
Peggy, who was 11 at the time, was in the room next door. She heard her mother and stepfather arguing, and then a single gunshot.
"He was laying on the bed and he went in to snorting and he rolled off the bed, and I asked the paramedic if he was dead, and they said to get me out of there - that's all I remember," she said
Betty told police they were alone in the room arguing when he pulled out a gun and shot himself. Authorities, who ruled it a suicide, are now reinvestigating the death.
In 1968 Betty married Harold Gentry. They were together for 18 years before Harold was murdered.
After Harold's death, Betty moved to Augusta, Georgia.
Betty's daughters say she is a caring, loving mother who has had bad luck
In 1991, she married John Neumar. Sixteen years later, he died from apparent natural causes but with symptoms consistent with arsenic poisoning. He was 76.
Mr Neumar's son, John Neumar Junior, says he was not told about his father's death until he read about it in the newspaper.
"I'm sitting there at work. I found out he was dead when I saw his obituary. When I went to check on him, she had already had him cremated," John told me.
"I mean, it's just strange, why do you do that? I don't think my daddy ever said he wanted to be cremated."
Seemingly frank
After Betty's arrest, Georgia police reinvestigated the death of John Neumar, but could find no evidence of foul play.
Later on it's going to eat their heart out - the hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable
Betty Neumar
Betty's two daughters Peggy and Kelly are convinced of their mother's innocence.
"She has been a caring, loving mother, and she's a loving, caring grandmother. I think that she was dealt a bad hand," Peggy told me.
I also spoke to Richard Sills's biological son Michael, who had never known his father. Michael wanted the case reopened and his father's remains exhumed.
Betty denies all the accusations against her, including soliciting Harold's murder.
Husband number one had been shot, yes, but he and Betty had been separated for 18 years when that happened.
Husband number two froze to death, she says, in a truck in New York.
Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still haunts him
She describes how husband number three grabbed a gun and shot himself in his side during a drunken row.
She says she was out of town at the time husband number four died, while husband number five's death certificate says he died of sepsis.
When I interviewed her, she described her accusers as "nuts".
"Later on it's going to eat their heart out. The hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable," she said.
And she says accusations that she may have benefited financially from her husbands' deaths are not true.
"I got no insurance from the first one, no insurance from the third one. After Harold died I got $50,000. But as far as all this money and all this stuff goes, there wasn't none," she said.
Despite the torment caused by the accusations, Betty says she is prepared to forgive.
"If you're going to heaven you have to forgive. You don't have to forget, but you do have to forgive," she says.
Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still lingers.
After Betty's arrest, he visited his brother's grave, where he delivered a simple message: "Brother, we got her."
But have they? It has been almost two years since Betty was arrested and no trial date has been set.
Could this little old lady really be a serial killer? Or is she just unlucky in love?
Only Betty knows the answer. But all she will say is: "I cannot control when somebody dies. That's God's work."
Black Widow Granny directed by Norman Hull is on BBC One on Tuesday 3 November at 1035 GMT. Grandmother Betty Neumar has had five husbands, some of whom died in suspicious circumstances. As she awaits trial in the US over the death of husband number four, film-maker Norman Hull investigates whether the woman known as 'The Black Widow' could really have been a serial killer.
Betty's daughters say she was 'dealt a bad hand'
For 22 years, Al Gentry begged investigators to take another look at the mystery surrounding the death of his brother.
Harold was shot six times in the home he shared with his wife Betty in North Carolina. The police investigation revealed no motive and no suspect.
Al was sure he knew the identity of the murderer and visited the sheriff's office dozens of times.
In 2007, Betty was arrested. The 77-year-old is now awaiting trial, charged with hiring a hit-man to shoot her husband.
Marriages revealed
"This is something I've been waiting a long time for," Al told me.
Betty, who says she was in Augusta, Georgia, the day her husband was killed, showed no emotion when she returned home to the news, he claims.
"If she had gotten out of that car with tears in her eyes and asked me why would anybody kill Harold, I would never have suspected her at all," he said.
Harold Gentry was shot six times in his home in North Carolina
Al believes Betty hired someone to kill Harold because he was seeing another woman.
After her arrest, authorities discovered that Betty had been married five times, and that each union had ended with the death of the husband.
The American media had a field day, suggesting that Betty had murdered all five of her husbands and dubbing her the Black Widow.
But where is the evidence? The more I looked into the story, the more it seemed to me to be a matter of assumption, presumption and speculation.
Born Betty Johnson in 1931 in Ohio, she graduated from high school in 1949, and married Clarence Malone in 1950. She was 18 and he was 19.
They were married for just over a year before they split up. A single shot to the head killed Clarence outside his car repair shop in 1970. His death was ruled a homicide.
FIVE HUSBANDS, FIVE FUNERALS
Clarence Malone, shot to death in 1970
James Flynn, died in New York in 1955
Richard Sills, allegedly shot himself in 1965
Harold Gentry, shot to death in 1986
John Neumar, died from natural causes in 2007
It is unclear when Betty and husband number two, James Flynn, met. But James died in 1955, a year or so after the couple's daughter Peggy was born. Betty told investigators he had "died on a pier" somewhere in New York.
Self-inflicted wound?
A decade later, Betty's third husband Richard Sills was shot dead in the bedroom of the couple's trailer home in Florida.
Peggy, who was 11 at the time, was in the room next door. She heard her mother and stepfather arguing, and then a single gunshot.
"He was laying on the bed and he went in to snorting and he rolled off the bed, and I asked the paramedic if he was dead, and they said to get me out of there - that's all I remember," she said
Betty told police they were alone in the room arguing when he pulled out a gun and shot himself. Authorities, who ruled it a suicide, are now reinvestigating the death.
In 1968 Betty married Harold Gentry. They were together for 18 years before Harold was murdered.
After Harold's death, Betty moved to Augusta, Georgia.
Betty's daughters say she is a caring, loving mother who has had bad luck
In 1991, she married John Neumar. Sixteen years later, he died from apparent natural causes but with symptoms consistent with arsenic poisoning. He was 76.
Mr Neumar's son, John Neumar Junior, says he was not told about his father's death until he read about it in the newspaper.
"I'm sitting there at work. I found out he was dead when I saw his obituary. When I went to check on him, she had already had him cremated," John told me.
"I mean, it's just strange, why do you do that? I don't think my daddy ever said he wanted to be cremated."
Seemingly frank
After Betty's arrest, Georgia police reinvestigated the death of John Neumar, but could find no evidence of foul play.
Later on it's going to eat their heart out - the hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable
Betty Neumar
Betty's two daughters Peggy and Kelly are convinced of their mother's innocence.
"She has been a caring, loving mother, and she's a loving, caring grandmother. I think that she was dealt a bad hand," Peggy told me.
I also spoke to Richard Sills's biological son Michael, who had never known his father. Michael wanted the case reopened and his father's remains exhumed.
Betty denies all the accusations against her, including soliciting Harold's murder.
Husband number one had been shot, yes, but he and Betty had been separated for 18 years when that happened.
Husband number two froze to death, she says, in a truck in New York.
Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still haunts him
She describes how husband number three grabbed a gun and shot himself in his side during a drunken row.
She says she was out of town at the time husband number four died, while husband number five's death certificate says he died of sepsis.
When I interviewed her, she described her accusers as "nuts".
"Later on it's going to eat their heart out. The hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable," she said.
And she says accusations that she may have benefited financially from her husbands' deaths are not true.
"I got no insurance from the first one, no insurance from the third one. After Harold died I got $50,000. But as far as all this money and all this stuff goes, there wasn't none," she said.
Despite the torment caused by the accusations, Betty says she is prepared to forgive.
"If you're going to heaven you have to forgive. You don't have to forget, but you do have to forgive," she says.
Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still lingers.
After Betty's arrest, he visited his brother's grave, where he delivered a simple message: "Brother, we got her."
But have they? It has been almost two years since Betty was arrested and no trial date has been set.
Could this little old lady really be a serial killer? Or is she just unlucky in love?
Only Betty knows the answer. But all she will say is: "I cannot control when somebody dies. That's God's work."
Black Widow Granny directed by Norman Hull is on BBC One on Tuesday 3 November at 1035 GMT.
Betty's daughters say she was 'dealt a bad hand'
For 22 years, Al Gentry begged investigators to take another look at the mystery surrounding the death of his brother.
Harold was shot six times in the home he shared with his wife Betty in North Carolina. The police investigation revealed no motive and no suspect.
Al was sure he knew the identity of the murderer and visited the sheriff's office dozens of times.
In 2007, Betty was arrested. The 77-year-old is now awaiting trial, charged with hiring a hit-man to shoot her husband.
Marriages revealed
"This is something I've been waiting a long time for," Al told me.
Betty, who says she was in Augusta, Georgia, the day her husband was killed, showed no emotion when she returned home to the news, he claims.
"If she had gotten out of that car with tears in her eyes and asked me why would anybody kill Harold, I would never have suspected her at all," he said.
Harold Gentry was shot six times in his home in North Carolina
Al believes Betty hired someone to kill Harold because he was seeing another woman.
After her arrest, authorities discovered that Betty had been married five times, and that each union had ended with the death of the husband.
The American media had a field day, suggesting that Betty had murdered all five of her husbands and dubbing her the Black Widow.
But where is the evidence? The more I looked into the story, the more it seemed to me to be a matter of assumption, presumption and speculation.
Born Betty Johnson in 1931 in Ohio, she graduated from high school in 1949, and married Clarence Malone in 1950. She was 18 and he was 19.
They were married for just over a year before they split up. A single shot to the head killed Clarence outside his car repair shop in 1970. His death was ruled a homicide.
FIVE HUSBANDS, FIVE FUNERALS
Clarence Malone, shot to death in 1970
James Flynn, died in New York in 1955
Richard Sills, allegedly shot himself in 1965
Harold Gentry, shot to death in 1986
John Neumar, died from natural causes in 2007
It is unclear when Betty and husband number two, James Flynn, met. But James died in 1955, a year or so after the couple's daughter Peggy was born. Betty told investigators he had "died on a pier" somewhere in New York.
Self-inflicted wound?
A decade later, Betty's third husband Richard Sills was shot dead in the bedroom of the couple's trailer home in Florida.
Peggy, who was 11 at the time, was in the room next door. She heard her mother and stepfather arguing, and then a single gunshot.
"He was laying on the bed and he went in to snorting and he rolled off the bed, and I asked the paramedic if he was dead, and they said to get me out of there - that's all I remember," she said
Betty told police they were alone in the room arguing when he pulled out a gun and shot himself. Authorities, who ruled it a suicide, are now reinvestigating the death.
In 1968 Betty married Harold Gentry. They were together for 18 years before Harold was murdered.
After Harold's death, Betty moved to Augusta, Georgia.
Betty's daughters say she is a caring, loving mother who has had bad luck
In 1991, she married John Neumar. Sixteen years later, he died from apparent natural causes but with symptoms consistent with arsenic poisoning. He was 76.
Mr Neumar's son, John Neumar Junior, says he was not told about his father's death until he read about it in the newspaper.
"I'm sitting there at work. I found out he was dead when I saw his obituary. When I went to check on him, she had already had him cremated," John told me.
"I mean, it's just strange, why do you do that? I don't think my daddy ever said he wanted to be cremated."
Seemingly frank
After Betty's arrest, Georgia police reinvestigated the death of John Neumar, but could find no evidence of foul play.
Later on it's going to eat their heart out - the hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable
Betty Neumar
Betty's two daughters Peggy and Kelly are convinced of their mother's innocence.
"She has been a caring, loving mother, and she's a loving, caring grandmother. I think that she was dealt a bad hand," Peggy told me.
I also spoke to Richard Sills's biological son Michael, who had never known his father. Michael wanted the case reopened and his father's remains exhumed.
Betty denies all the accusations against her, including soliciting Harold's murder.
Husband number one had been shot, yes, but he and Betty had been separated for 18 years when that happened.
Husband number two froze to death, she says, in a truck in New York.
Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still haunts him
She describes how husband number three grabbed a gun and shot himself in his side during a drunken row.
She says she was out of town at the time husband number four died, while husband number five's death certificate says he died of sepsis.
When I interviewed her, she described her accusers as "nuts".
"Later on it's going to eat their heart out. The hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable," she said.
And she says accusations that she may have benefited financially from her husbands' deaths are not true.
"I got no insurance from the first one, no insurance from the third one. After Harold died I got $50,000. But as far as all this money and all this stuff goes, there wasn't none," she said.
Despite the torment caused by the accusations, Betty says she is prepared to forgive.
"If you're going to heaven you have to forgive. You don't have to forget, but you do have to forgive," she says.
Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still lingers.
After Betty's arrest, he visited his brother's grave, where he delivered a simple message: "Brother, we got her."
But have they? It has been almost two years since Betty was arrested and no trial date has been set.
Could this little old lady really be a serial killer? Or is she just unlucky in love?
Only Betty knows the answer. But all she will say is: "I cannot control when somebody dies. That's God's work."
Black Widow Granny directed by Norman Hull is on BBC One on Tuesday 3 November at 1035 GMT. Grandmother Betty Neumar has had five husbands, some of whom died in suspicious circumstances. As she awaits trial in the US over the death of husband number four, film-maker Norman Hull investigates whether the woman known as 'The Black Widow' could really have been a serial killer.
Betty's daughters say she was 'dealt a bad hand'
For 22 years, Al Gentry begged investigators to take another look at the mystery surrounding the death of his brother.
Harold was shot six times in the home he shared with his wife Betty in North Carolina. The police investigation revealed no motive and no suspect.
Al was sure he knew the identity of the murderer and visited the sheriff's office dozens of times.
In 2007, Betty was arrested. The 77-year-old is now awaiting trial, charged with hiring a hit-man to shoot her husband.
Marriages revealed
"This is something I've been waiting a long time for," Al told me.
Betty, who says she was in Augusta, Georgia, the day her husband was killed, showed no emotion when she returned home to the news, he claims.
"If she had gotten out of that car with tears in her eyes and asked me why would anybody kill Harold, I would never have suspected her at all," he said.
Harold Gentry was shot six times in his home in North Carolina
Al believes Betty hired someone to kill Harold because he was seeing another woman.
After her arrest, authorities discovered that Betty had been married five times, and that each union had ended with the death of the husband.
The American media had a field day, suggesting that Betty had murdered all five of her husbands and dubbing her the Black Widow.
But where is the evidence? The more I looked into the story, the more it seemed to me to be a matter of assumption, presumption and speculation.
Born Betty Johnson in 1931 in Ohio, she graduated from high school in 1949, and married Clarence Malone in 1950. She was 18 and he was 19.
They were married for just over a year before they split up. A single shot to the head killed Clarence outside his car repair shop in 1970. His death was ruled a homicide.
FIVE HUSBANDS, FIVE FUNERALS
Clarence Malone, shot to death in 1970
James Flynn, died in New York in 1955
Richard Sills, allegedly shot himself in 1965
Harold Gentry, shot to death in 1986
John Neumar, died from natural causes in 2007
It is unclear when Betty and husband number two, James Flynn, met. But James died in 1955, a year or so after the couple's daughter Peggy was born. Betty told investigators he had "died on a pier" somewhere in New York.
Self-inflicted wound?
A decade later, Betty's third husband Richard Sills was shot dead in the bedroom of the couple's trailer home in Florida.
Peggy, who was 11 at the time, was in the room next door. She heard her mother and stepfather arguing, and then a single gunshot.
"He was laying on the bed and he went in to snorting and he rolled off the bed, and I asked the paramedic if he was dead, and they said to get me out of there - that's all I remember," she said
Betty told police they were alone in the room arguing when he pulled out a gun and shot himself. Authorities, who ruled it a suicide, are now reinvestigating the death.
In 1968 Betty married Harold Gentry. They were together for 18 years before Harold was murdered.
After Harold's death, Betty moved to Augusta, Georgia.
Betty's daughters say she is a caring, loving mother who has had bad luck
In 1991, she married John Neumar. Sixteen years later, he died from apparent natural causes but with symptoms consistent with arsenic poisoning. He was 76.
Mr Neumar's son, John Neumar Junior, says he was not told about his father's death until he read about it in the newspaper.
"I'm sitting there at work. I found out he was dead when I saw his obituary. When I went to check on him, she had already had him cremated," John told me.
"I mean, it's just strange, why do you do that? I don't think my daddy ever said he wanted to be cremated."
Seemingly frank
After Betty's arrest, Georgia police reinvestigated the death of John Neumar, but could find no evidence of foul play.
Later on it's going to eat their heart out - the hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable
Betty Neumar
Betty's two daughters Peggy and Kelly are convinced of their mother's innocence.
"She has been a caring, loving mother, and she's a loving, caring grandmother. I think that she was dealt a bad hand," Peggy told me.
I also spoke to Richard Sills's biological son Michael, who had never known his father. Michael wanted the case reopened and his father's remains exhumed.
Betty denies all the accusations against her, including soliciting Harold's murder.
Husband number one had been shot, yes, but he and Betty had been separated for 18 years when that happened.
Husband number two froze to death, she says, in a truck in New York.
Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still haunts him
She describes how husband number three grabbed a gun and shot himself in his side during a drunken row.
She says she was out of town at the time husband number four died, while husband number five's death certificate says he died of sepsis.
When I interviewed her, she described her accusers as "nuts".
"Later on it's going to eat their heart out. The hate and discontent that they are living in now will make them miserable," she said.
And she says accusations that she may have benefited financially from her husbands' deaths are not true.
"I got no insurance from the first one, no insurance from the third one. After Harold died I got $50,000. But as far as all this money and all this stuff goes, there wasn't none," she said.
Despite the torment caused by the accusations, Betty says she is prepared to forgive.
"If you're going to heaven you have to forgive. You don't have to forget, but you do have to forgive," she says.
Al Gentry says the pain of his brother's murder still lingers.
After Betty's arrest, he visited his brother's grave, where he delivered a simple message: "Brother, we got her."
But have they? It has been almost two years since Betty was arrested and no trial date has been set.
Could this little old lady really be a serial killer? Or is she just unlucky in love?
Only Betty knows the answer. But all she will say is: "I cannot control when somebody dies. That's God's work."
Black Widow Granny directed by Norman Hull is on BBC One on Tuesday 3 November at 1035 GMT.
Mel Gibson and girlfriend have a daughter
Mel Gibson and girlfriend have a daughter
November 2, 2009 3:30 p.m. EST
(CNN) -- Actor-director Mel Gibson and his girlfriend, Oksana Grigorieva, are the new parents of a daughter named Lucia, his spokesman confirmed to CNN.
No other details were released about the baby, who was born Friday at an undisclosed hospital in Los Angeles, California.
Baby Lucia is the eighth child for Gibson, 53, and the second for Grigorieva, 39. Gibson has six sons and a daughter from his marriage to his wife of 30 years, Robyn. The couple filed for divorce in April.
Grigorieva has a son with her former boyfriend, actor Timothy Dalton.
In August, the singer said she and Gibson have no immediate plans for marriage.
"We don't know yet," Grigorieva said of any impending nuptials. "We haven't really talked about it."
collect from cnn.com November 2, 2009 3:30 p.m. EST
November 2, 2009 3:30 p.m. EST
(CNN) -- Actor-director Mel Gibson and his girlfriend, Oksana Grigorieva, are the new parents of a daughter named Lucia, his spokesman confirmed to CNN.
No other details were released about the baby, who was born Friday at an undisclosed hospital in Los Angeles, California.
Baby Lucia is the eighth child for Gibson, 53, and the second for Grigorieva, 39. Gibson has six sons and a daughter from his marriage to his wife of 30 years, Robyn. The couple filed for divorce in April.
Grigorieva has a son with her former boyfriend, actor Timothy Dalton.
In August, the singer said she and Gibson have no immediate plans for marriage.
"We don't know yet," Grigorieva said of any impending nuptials. "We haven't really talked about it."
collect from cnn.com November 2, 2009 3:30 p.m. EST
All Nobel Laureates
Between 1901 and 2009, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 537 times to 829 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 802 individuals and 20 organizations. Below, you can view the full list of Nobel Laureates in terms of category, prize year, first name or last name.
2009 -Chemistry, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
Chemistry, Thomas A. Steitz
Chemistry, Ada E. Yonath
Economics, Elinor Ostrom
Economics, Oliver E. Williamson
Literature, Herta Müller
Medicine, Elizabeth H. Blackburn
Medicine, Carol W. Greider
Medicine, Jack W. Szostak
Peace, Barack Obama
Physics, Willard S. Boyle
Physics, Charles K. Kao
Physics, George E. Smith
2008 - Chemistry, Martin Chalfie
Chemistry, Osamu Shimomura
Chemistry, Roger Y. Tsien
Economics, Paul Krugman
Literature, Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
Medicine, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
Medicine, Luc Montagnier
Medicine, Harald zur Hausen
Peace, Martti Ahtisaari
Physics, Makoto Kobayashi
Physics, Toshihide Maskawa
Physics, Yoichiro Nambu
2007 - Chemistry, Gerhard Ertl
Economics, Leonid Hurwicz
Economics, Eric S. Maskin
Economics, Roger B. Myerson
Literature, Doris Lessing
Medicine, Mario R. Capecchi
Medicine, Sir Martin J. Evans
Medicine, Oliver Smithies
Peace, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Peace, Al Gore
Physics, Albert Fert
Physics, Peter Grünberg
2006 - Chemistry, Roger D. Kornberg
Economics, Edmund S. Phelps
Literature, Orhan Pamuk
Medicine, Andrew Z. Fire
Medicine, Craig C. Mello
Peace, Grameen Bank
Peace, Muhammad Yunus
Physics, John C. Mather
Physics, George F. Smoot
2005 - Chemistry, Yves Chauvin
Chemistry, Robert H. Grubbs
Chemistry, Richard R. Schrock
Economics, Robert J. Aumann
Economics, Thomas C. Schelling
Literature, Harold Pinter
Medicine, Barry J. Marshall
Medicine, J. Robin Warren
Peace, International Atomic Energy Agency
Peace, Mohamed ElBaradei
Physics, Roy J. Glauber
Physics, John L. Hall
Physics, Theodor W. Hänsch
2004 - Chemistry, Aaron Ciechanover
Chemistry, Avram Hershko
Chemistry, Irwin Rose
Economics, Finn E. Kydland
Economics, Edward C. Prescott
Literature, Elfriede Jelinek
Medicine, Richard Axel
Medicine, Linda B. Buck
Peace, Wangari Maathai
Physics, David J. Gross
Physics, H. David Politzer
Physics, Frank Wilczek
2003 - Chemistry, Peter Agre
Chemistry, Roderick MacKinnon
Economics, Robert F. Engle III
Economics, Clive W.J. Granger
Literature, J. M. Coetzee
Medicine, Paul C. Lauterbur
Medicine, Sir Peter Mansfield
Peace, Shirin Ebadi
Physics, Alexei A. Abrikosov
Physics, Vitaly L. Ginzburg
Physics, Anthony J. Leggett
2002 - Chemistry, John B. Fenn
Chemistry, Koichi Tanaka
Chemistry, Kurt Wüthrich
Economics, Daniel Kahneman
Economics, Vernon L. Smith
Literature, Imre Kertész
Medicine, Sydney Brenner
Medicine, H. Robert Horvitz
Medicine, John E. Sulston
Peace, Jimmy Carter
Physics, Raymond Davis Jr.
Physics, Riccardo Giacconi
Physics, Masatoshi Koshiba
2001 - Chemistry, William S. Knowles
Chemistry, Ryoji Noyori
Chemistry, K. Barry Sharpless
Economics, George A. Akerlof
Economics, A. Michael Spence
Economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz
Literature, V. S. Naipaul
Medicine, Leland H. Hartwell
Medicine, Tim Hunt
Medicine, Sir Paul Nurse
Peace, United Nations
Peace, Kofi Annan
Physics, Eric A. Cornell
Physics, Wolfgang Ketterle
Physics, Carl E. Wieman
2000 - Chemistry, Alan Heeger
Chemistry, Alan G. MacDiarmid
Chemistry, Hideki Shirakawa
Economics, James J. Heckman
Economics, Daniel L. McFadden
Literature, Gao Xingjian
Medicine, Arvid Carlsson
Medicine, Paul Greengard
Medicine, Eric R. Kandel
Peace, Kim Dae-jung
Physics, Zhores I. Alferov
Physics, Jack S. Kilby
Physics, Herbert Kroemer
1999 - Chemistry, Ahmed Zewail
Economics, Robert A. Mundell
Literature, Günter Grass
Medicine, Günter Blobel
Peace, Médecins Sans Frontières
Physics, Gerardus 't Hooft
Physics, Martinus J.G. Veltman
1998 - Chemistry, Walter Kohn
Chemistry, John Pople
Economics, Amartya Sen
Literature, José Saramago
Medicine, Robert F. Furchgott
Medicine, Louis J. Ignarro
Medicine, Ferid Murad
Peace, John Hume
Peace, David Trimble
Physics, Robert B. Laughlin
Physics, Horst L. Störmer
Physics, Daniel C. Tsui
1997 - Chemistry, Paul D. Boyer
Chemistry, Jens C. Skou
Chemistry, John E. Walker
Economics, Robert C. Merton
Economics, Myron S. Scholes
Literature, Dario Fo
Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner
Peace, International Campaign to Ban Landmines
Peace, Jody Williams
Physics, Steven Chu
Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Physics, William D. Phillips
1996 - Chemistry, Robert F. Curl Jr.
Chemistry, Sir Harold Kroto
Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley
Economics, James A. Mirrlees
Economics, William Vickrey
Literature, Wislawa Szymborska
Medicine, Peter C. Doherty
Medicine, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Peace, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
Peace, José Ramos-Horta
Physics, David M. Lee
Physics, Douglas D. Osheroff
Physics, Robert C. Richardson
1995 - Chemistry, Paul J. Crutzen
Chemistry, Mario J. Molina
Chemistry, F. Sherwood Rowland
Economics, Robert E. Lucas Jr.
Literature, Seamus Heaney
Medicine, Edward B. Lewis
Medicine, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Medicine, Eric F. Wieschaus
Peace, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
Peace, Joseph Rotblat
Physics, Martin L. Perl
Physics, Frederick Reines
1994 - Chemistry, George A. Olah
Economics, John C. Harsanyi
Economics, John F. Nash Jr.
Economics, Reinhard Selten
Literature, Kenzaburo Oe
Medicine, Alfred G. Gilman
Medicine, Martin Rodbell
Peace, Yasser Arafat
Peace, Shimon Peres
Peace, Yitzhak Rabin
Physics, Bertram N. Brockhouse
Physics, Clifford G. Shull
1993 - Chemistry, Kary B. Mullis
Chemistry, Michael Smith
Economics, Robert W. Fogel
Economics, Douglass C. North
Literature, Toni Morrison
Medicine, Richard J. Roberts
Medicine, Phillip A. Sharp
Peace, F.W. de Klerk
Peace, Nelson Mandela
Physics, Russell A. Hulse
Physics, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1992 - Chemistry, Rudolph A. Marcus
Economics, Gary S. Becker
Literature, Derek Walcott
Medicine, Edmond H. Fischer
Medicine, Edwin G. Krebs
Peace, Rigoberta Menchú Tum
Physics, Georges Charpak
1991 - Chemistry, Richard R. Ernst
Economics, Ronald H. Coase
Literature, Nadine Gordimer
Medicine, Erwin Neher
Medicine, Bert Sakmann
Peace, Aung San Suu Kyi
Physics, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1990 - Chemistry, Elias James Corey
Economics, Harry M. Markowitz
Economics, Merton H. Miller
Economics, William F. Sharpe
Literature, Octavio Paz
Medicine, Joseph E. Murray
Medicine, E. Donnall Thomas
Peace, Mikhail Gorbachev
Physics, Jerome I. Friedman
Physics, Henry W. Kendall
Physics, Richard E. Taylor
1989 - Chemistry, Sidney Altman
Chemistry, Thomas R. Cech
Economics, Trygve Haavelmo
Literature, Camilo José Cela
Medicine, J. Michael Bishop
Medicine, Harold E. Varmus
Peace, The 14th Dalai Lama
Physics, Hans G. Dehmelt
Physics, Wolfgang Paul
Physics, Norman F. Ramsey
1988 - Chemistry, Johann Deisenhofer
Chemistry, Robert Huber
Chemistry, Hartmut Michel
Economics, Maurice Allais
Literature, Naguib Mahfouz
Medicine, Sir James W. Black
Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion
Medicine, George H. Hitchings
Peace, United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
Physics, Leon M. Lederman
Physics, Melvin Schwartz
Physics, Jack Steinberger
1987 - Chemistry, Donald J. Cram
Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn
Chemistry, Charles J. Pedersen
Economics, Robert M. Solow
Literature, Joseph Brodsky
Medicine, Susumu Tonegawa
Peace, Oscar Arias Sánchez
Physics, J. Georg Bednorz
Physics, K. Alex Müller
1986 - Chemistry, Dudley R. Herschbach
Chemistry, Yuan T. Lee
Chemistry, John C. Polanyi
Economics, James M. Buchanan Jr.
Literature, Wole Soyinka
Medicine, Stanley Cohen
Medicine, Rita Levi-Montalcini
Peace, Elie Wiesel
Physics, Gerd Binnig
Physics, Heinrich Rohrer
Physics, Ernst Ruska
1985 - Chemistry, Herbert A. Hauptman
Chemistry, Jerome Karle
Economics, Franco Modigliani
Literature, Claude Simon
Medicine, Michael S. Brown
Medicine, Joseph L. Goldstein
Peace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
Physics, Klaus von Klitzing
1984 - Chemistry, Bruce Merrifield
Economics, Richard Stone
Literature, Jaroslav Seifert
Medicine, Niels K. Jerne
Medicine, Georges J.F. Köhler
Medicine, César Milstein
Peace, Desmond Tutu
Physics, Carlo Rubbia
Physics, Simon van der Meer
1983 - Chemistry, Henry Taube
Economics, Gerard Debreu
Literature, William Golding
Medicine, Barbara McClintock
Peace, Lech Walesa
Physics, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar
Physics, William A. Fowler
1982 - Chemistry, Aaron Klug
Economics, George J. Stigler
Literature, Gabriel García Márquez
Medicine, Sune K. Bergström
Medicine, Bengt I. Samuelsson
Medicine, John R. Vane
Peace, Alfonso García Robles
Peace, Alva Myrdal
Physics, Kenneth G. Wilson
1981 - Chemistry, Kenichi Fukui
Chemistry, Roald Hoffmann
Economics, James Tobin
Literature, Elias Canetti
Medicine, David H. Hubel
Medicine, Roger W. Sperry
Medicine, Torsten N. Wiesel
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Physics, Nicolaas Bloembergen
Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow
Physics, Kai M. Siegbahn
1980 - Chemistry, Paul Berg
Chemistry, Walter Gilbert
Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
Economics, Lawrence R. Klein
Literature, Czeslaw Milosz
Medicine, Baruj Benacerraf
Medicine, Jean Dausset
Medicine, George D. Snell
Peace, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
Physics, James Cronin
Physics, Val Fitch
1979 - Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown
Chemistry, Georg Wittig
Economics, Sir Arthur Lewis
Economics, Theodore W. Schultz
Literature, Odysseus Elytis
Medicine, Allan M. Cormack
Medicine, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
Peace, Mother Teresa
Physics, Sheldon Glashow
Physics, Abdus Salam
Physics, Steven Weinberg
1978 - Chemistry, Peter Mitchell
Economics, Herbert A. Simon
Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer
Medicine, Werner Arber
Medicine, Daniel Nathans
Medicine, Hamilton O. Smith
Peace, Anwar al-Sadat
Peace, Menachem Begin
Physics, Pyotr Kapitsa
Physics, Arno Penzias
Physics, Robert Woodrow Wilson
1977 - Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine
Economics, James E. Meade
Economics, Bertil Ohlin
Literature, Vicente Aleixandre
Medicine, Roger Guillemin
Medicine, Andrew V. Schally
Medicine, Rosalyn Yalow
Peace, Amnesty International
Physics, Philip W. Anderson
Physics, Sir Nevill F. Mott
Physics, John H. van Vleck
1976 - Chemistry, William Lipscomb
Economics, Milton Friedman
Literature, Saul Bellow
Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg
Medicine, D. Carleton Gajdusek
Peace, Mairead Corrigan
Peace, Betty Williams
Physics, Burton Richter
Physics, Samuel C.C. Ting
1975 - Chemistry, John Cornforth
Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog
Economics, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans
Literature, Eugenio Montale
Medicine, David Baltimore
Medicine, Renato Dulbecco
Medicine, Howard M. Temin
Peace, Andrei Sakharov
Physics, Aage N. Bohr
Physics, Ben R. Mottelson
Physics, James Rainwater
1974 - Chemistry, Paul J. Flory
Economics, Gunnar Myrdal
Economics, Friedrich August von Hayek
Literature, Eyvind Johnson
Literature, Harry Martinson
Medicine, Albert Claude
Medicine, Christian de Duve
Medicine, George E. Palade
Peace, Seán MacBride
Peace, Eisaku Sato
Physics, Antony Hewish
Physics, Martin Ryle
1973 - Chemistry, Ernst Otto Fischer
Chemistry, Geoffrey Wilkinson
Economics, Wassily Leontief
Literature, Patrick White
Medicine, Konrad Lorenz
Medicine, Nikolaas Tinbergen
Medicine, Karl von Frisch
Peace, Le Duc Tho
Peace, Henry Kissinger
Physics, Leo Esaki
Physics, Ivar Giaever
Physics, Brian D. Josephson
1972 - Chemistry, Christian Anfinsen
Chemistry, Stanford Moore
Chemistry, William H. Stein
Economics, Kenneth J. Arrow
Economics, John R. Hicks
Literature, Heinrich Böll
Medicine, Gerald M. Edelman
Medicine, Rodney R. Porter
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, John Bardeen
Physics, Leon N. Cooper
Physics, Robert Schrieffer
1971 - Chemistry, Gerhard Herzberg
Economics, Simon Kuznets
Literature, Pablo Neruda
Medicine, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
Peace, Willy Brandt
Physics, Dennis Gabor
1970 - Chemistry, Luis Leloir
Economics, Paul A. Samuelson
Literature, Alexandr Solzhenitsyn
Medicine, Julius Axelrod
Medicine, Sir Bernard Katz
Medicine, Ulf von Euler
Peace, Norman Borlaug
Physics, Hannes Alfvén
Physics, Louis Néel
1969 - Chemistry, Derek Barton
Chemistry, Odd Hassel
Economics, Ragnar Frisch
Economics, Jan Tinbergen
Literature, Samuel Beckett
Medicine, Max Delbrück
Medicine, Alfred D. Hershey
Medicine, Salvador E. Luria
Peace, International Labour Organization
Physics, Murray Gell-Mann
1968 - Chemistry, Lars Onsager
Literature, Yasunari Kawabata
Medicine, Robert W. Holley
Medicine, H. Gobind Khorana
Medicine, Marshall W. Nirenberg
Peace, René Cassin
Physics, Luis Alvarez
1967 - Chemistry, Manfred Eigen
Chemistry, Ronald G.W. Norrish
Chemistry, George Porter
Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias
Medicine, Ragnar Granit
Medicine, Haldan K. Hartline
Medicine, George Wald
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Hans Bethe
1966 - Chemistry, Robert S. Mulliken
Literature, Shmuel Agnon
Literature, Nelly Sachs
Medicine, Charles B. Huggins
Medicine, Peyton Rous
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Alfred Kastler
1965 - Chemistry, Robert B. Woodward
Literature, Mikhail Sholokhov
Medicine, François Jacob
Medicine, André Lwoff
Medicine, Jacques Monod
Peace, United Nations Children's Fund
Physics, Richard P. Feynman
Physics, Julian Schwinger
Physics, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
1964 - Chemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
Literature, Jean-Paul Sartre
Medicine, Konrad Bloch
Medicine, Feodor Lynen
Peace, Martin Luther King Jr.
Physics, Nicolay G. Basov
Physics, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
Physics, Charles H. Townes
1963 - Chemistry, Giulio Natta
Chemistry, Karl Ziegler
Literature, Giorgos Seferis
Medicine, Sir John Eccles
Medicine, Alan L. Hodgkin
Medicine, Andrew F. Huxley
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Peace, League of Red Cross Societies
Physics, Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Physics, J. Hans D. Jensen
Physics, Eugene Wigner
1962 - Chemistry, John C. Kendrew
Chemistry, Max F. Perutz
Literature, John Steinbeck
Medicine, Francis Crick
Medicine, James Watson
Medicine, Maurice Wilkins
Peace, Linus Pauling
Physics, Lev Landau
1961 - Chemistry, Melvin Calvin
Literature, Ivo Andric
Medicine, Georg von Békésy
Peace, Dag Hammarskjöld
Physics, Robert Hofstadter
Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer
1960 - Chemistry, Willard F. Libby
Literature, Saint-John Perse
Medicine, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Medicine, Peter Medawar
Peace, Albert Lutuli
Physics, Donald A. Glaser
1959 - Chemistry, Jaroslav Heyrovsky
Literature, Salvatore Quasimodo
Medicine, Arthur Kornberg
Medicine, Severo Ochoa
Peace, Philip Noel-Baker
Physics, Owen Chamberlain
Physics, Emilio Segrè
1958 - Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
Literature, Boris Pasternak
Medicine, George Beadle
Medicine, Joshua Lederberg
Medicine, Edward Tatum
Peace, Georges Pire
Physics, Pavel A. Cherenkov
Physics, Il´ja M. Frank
Physics, Igor Y. Tamm
1957 - Chemistry, Lord Todd
Literature, Albert Camus
Medicine, Daniel Bovet
Peace, Lester Bowles Pearson
Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee
Physics, Chen Ning Yang
1956 - Chemistry, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood
Chemistry, Nikolay Semenov
Literature, Juan Ramón Jiménez
Medicine, André F. Cournand
Medicine, Werner Forssmann
Medicine, Dickinson W. Richards
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, John Bardeen
Physics, Walter H. Brattain
Physics, William B. Shockley
1955 - Chemistry, Vincent du Vigneaud
Literature, Halldór Laxness
Medicine, Hugo Theorell
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Polykarp Kusch
Physics, Willis E. Lamb
1954 - Chemistry, Linus Pauling
Literature, Ernest Hemingway
Medicine, John F. Enders
Medicine, Frederick C. Robbins
Medicine, Thomas H. Weller
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Physics, Max Born
Physics, Walther Bothe
1953 - Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger
Literature, Winston Churchill
Medicine, Hans Krebs
Medicine, Fritz Lipmann
Peace, George C. Marshall
Physics, Frits Zernike
1952 - Chemistry, Archer J.P. Martin
Chemistry, Richard L.M. Synge
Literature, François Mauriac
Medicine, Selman A. Waksman
Peace, Albert Schweitzer
Physics, Felix Bloch
Physics, E. M. Purcell
1951 - Chemistry, Edwin M. McMillan
Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg
Literature, Pär Lagerkvist
Medicine, Max Theiler
Peace, Léon Jouhaux
Physics, John Cockcroft
Physics, Ernest T.S. Walton
1950 - Chemistry, Kurt Alder
Chemistry, Otto Diels
Literature, Bertrand Russell
Medicine, Philip S. Hench
Medicine, Edward C. Kendall
Medicine, Tadeus Reichstein
Peace, Ralph Bunche
Physics, Cecil Powell
1949 - Chemistry, William F. Giauque
Literature, William Faulkner
Medicine, Walter Hess
Medicine, Egas Moniz
Peace, Lord Boyd Orr
Physics, Hideki Yukawa
1948 - Chemistry, Arne Tiselius
Literature, T.S. Eliot
Medicine, Paul Müller
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Patrick M.S. Blackett
1947 - Chemistry, Sir Robert Robinson
Literature, André Gide
Medicine, Carl Cori
Medicine, Gerty Cori
Medicine, Bernardo Houssay
Peace, Friends Service Council
Peace, American Friends Service Committee
Physics, Edward V. Appleton
1946 - Chemistry, John H. Northrop
Chemistry, Wendell M. Stanley
Chemistry, James B. Sumner
Literature, Hermann Hesse
Medicine, Hermann J. Muller
Peace, Emily Greene Balch
Peace, John R. Mott
Physics, Percy W. Bridgman
1945 - Chemistry, Artturi Virtanen
Literature, Gabriela Mistral
Medicine, Ernst B. Chain
Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming
Medicine, Sir Howard Florey
Peace, Cordell Hull
Physics, Wolfgang Pauli
1944 - Chemistry, Otto Hahn
Literature, Johannes V. Jensen
Medicine, Joseph Erlanger
Medicine, Herbert S. Gasser
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Isidor Isaac Rabi
1943 - Chemistry, George de Hevesy
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Henrik Dam
Medicine, Edward A. Doisy
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Otto Stern
1942 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1941 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1940 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1939 - Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt
Chemistry, Leopold Ruzicka
Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Medicine, Gerhard Domagk
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Ernest Lawrence
1938 - Chemistry, Richard Kuhn
Literature, Pearl Buck
Medicine, Corneille Heymans
Peace, Nansen International Office for Refugees
Physics, Enrico Fermi
1937 - Chemistry, Norman Haworth
Chemistry, Paul Karrer
Literature, Roger Martin du Gard
Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi
Peace, Robert Cecil
Physics, Clinton Davisson
Physics, George Paget Thomson
1936 - Chemistry, Peter Debye
Literature, Eugene O'Neill
Medicine, Sir Henry Dale
Medicine, Otto Loewi
Peace, Carlos Saavedra Lamas
Physics, Carl D. Anderson
Physics, Victor F. Hess
1935 - Chemistry, Frédéric Joliot
Chemistry, Irène Joliot-Curie
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Hans Spemann
Peace, Carl von Ossietzky
Physics, James Chadwick
1934 - Chemistry, Harold C. Urey
Literature, Luigi Pirandello
Medicine, George R. Minot
Medicine, William P. Murphy
Medicine, George H. Whipple
Peace, Arthur Henderson
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1933 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Ivan Bunin
Medicine, Thomas H. Morgan
Peace, Sir Norman Angell
Physics, Paul A.M. Dirac
Physics, Erwin Schrödinger
1932 - Chemistry, Irving Langmuir
Literature, John Galsworthy
Medicine, Edgar Adrian
Medicine, Sir Charles Sherrington
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Werner Heisenberg
1931 - Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius
Chemistry, Carl Bosch
Literature, Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Medicine, Otto Warburg
Peace, Jane Addams
Peace, Nicholas Murray Butler
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1930 - Chemistry, Hans Fischer
Literature, Sinclair Lewis
Medicine, Karl Landsteiner
Peace, Nathan Söderblom
Physics, Sir Venkata Raman
1929 - Chemistry, Arthur Harden
Chemistry, Hans von Euler-Chelpin
Literature, Thomas Mann
Medicine, Christiaan Eijkman
Medicine, Sir Frederick Hopkins
Peace, Frank B. Kellogg
Physics, Louis de Broglie
1928 - Chemistry, Adolf Windaus
Literature, Sigrid Undset
Medicine, Charles Nicolle
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Owen Willans Richardson
1927 - Chemistry, Heinrich Wieland
Literature, Henri Bergson
Medicine, Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Peace, Ferdinand Buisson
Peace, Ludwig Quidde
Physics, Arthur H. Compton
Physics, C.T.R. Wilson
1926 - Chemistry, The Svedberg
Literature, Grazia Deledda
Medicine, Johannes Fibiger
Peace, Aristide Briand
Peace, Gustav Stresemann
Physics, Jean Baptiste Perrin
1925 - Chemistry, Richard Zsigmondy
Literature, George Bernard Shaw
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, Sir Austen Chamberlain
Peace, Charles G. Dawes
Physics, James Franck
Physics, Gustav Hertz
1924 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Wladyslaw Reymont
Medicine, Willem Einthoven
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Manne Siegbahn
1923 - Chemistry, Fritz Pregl
Literature, William Butler Yeats
Medicine, Frederick G. Banting
Medicine, John Macleod
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Robert A. Millikan
1922 - Chemistry, Francis W. Aston
Literature, Jacinto Benavente
Medicine, Archibald V. Hill
Medicine, Otto Meyerhof
Peace, Fridtjof Nansen
Physics, Niels Bohr
1921 - Chemistry, Frederick Soddy
Literature, Anatole France
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, Hjalmar Branting
Peace, Christian Lange
Physics, Albert Einstein
1920 - Chemistry, Walther Nernst
Literature, Knut Hamsun
Medicine, August Krogh
Peace, Léon Bourgeois
Physics, Charles Edouard Guillaume
1919 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Carl Spitteler
Medicine, Jules Bordet
Peace, Woodrow Wilson
Physics, Johannes Stark
1918 - Chemistry, Fritz Haber
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Max Planck
1917 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Karl Gjellerup
Literature, Henrik Pontoppidan
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Charles Glover Barkla
1916 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Verner von Heidenstam
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1915 - Chemistry, Richard Willstätter
Literature, Romain Rolland
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, William Bragg
Physics, Lawrence Bragg
1914 - Chemistry, Theodore W. Richards
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Robert Bárány
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Max von Laue
1913 - Chemistry, Alfred Werner
Literature, Rabindranath Tagore
Medicine, Charles Richet
Peace, Henri La Fontaine
Physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1912 - Chemistry, Victor Grignard
Chemistry, Paul Sabatier
Literature, Gerhart Hauptmann
Medicine, Alexis Carrel
Peace, Elihu Root
Physics, Gustaf Dalén
1911 - Chemistry, Marie Curie
Literature, Maurice Maeterlinck
Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand
Peace, Tobias Asser
Peace, Alfred Fried
Physics, Wilhelm Wien
1910 - Chemistry, Otto Wallach
Literature, Paul Heyse
Medicine, Albrecht Kossel
Peace, Permanent International Peace Bureau
Physics, Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1909 - Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald
Literature, Selma Lagerlöf
Medicine, Theodor Kocher
Peace, Auguste Beernaert
Peace, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
Physics, Ferdinand Braun
Physics, Guglielmo Marconi
1908 - Chemistry, Ernest Rutherford
Literature, Rudolf Eucken
Medicine, Paul Ehrlich
Medicine, Ilya Mechnikov
Peace, Klas Pontus Arnoldson
Peace, Fredrik Bajer
Physics, Gabriel Lippmann
1907 - Chemistry, Eduard Buchner
Literature, Rudyard Kipling
Medicine, Alphonse Laveran
Peace, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
Peace, Louis Renault
Physics, Albert A. Michelson
1906 - Chemistry, Henri Moissan
Literature, Giosuè Carducci
Medicine, Camillo Golgi
Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Peace, Theodore Roosevelt
Physics, J.J. Thomson
1905 - Chemistry, Adolf von Baeyer
Literature, Henryk Sienkiewicz
Medicine, Robert Koch
Peace, Bertha von Suttner
Physics, Philipp Lenard
1904 - Chemistry, Sir William Ramsay
Literature, José Echegaray
Literature, Frédéric Mistral
Medicine, Ivan Pavlov
Peace, Institute of International Law
Physics, Lord Rayleigh
1903 - Chemistry, Svante Arrhenius
Literature, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Medicine, Niels Ryberg Finsen
Peace, Randal Cremer
Physics, Henri Becquerel
Physics, Pierre Curie
Physics, Marie Curie
1902 - Chemistry, Emil Fischer
Literature, Theodor Mommsen
Medicine, Ronald Ross
Peace, Élie Ducommun
Peace, Albert Gobat
Physics, Hendrik A. Lorentz
Physics, Pieter Zeeman
1901 - Chemistry, Jacobus H. van 't Hoff
Literature, Sully Prudhomme
Medicine, Emil von Behring
Peace, Henry Dunant
Peace, Frédéric Passy
Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
Chemistry, Osamu Shimomura
Chemistry, Roger Y. Tsien
Economics, Paul Krugman
Literature, Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
Medicine, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
Medicine, Luc Montagnier
Medicine, Harald zur Hausen
Peace, Martti Ahtisaari
Physics, Makoto Kobayashi
Physics, Toshihide Maskawa
Physics, Yoichiro Nambu
2007 - Chemistry, Gerhard Ertl
Economics, Leonid Hurwicz
Economics, Eric S. Maskin
Economics, Roger B. Myerson
Literature, Doris Lessing
Medicine, Mario R. Capecchi
Medicine, Sir Martin J. Evans
Medicine, Oliver Smithies
Peace, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Peace, Al Gore
Physics, Albert Fert
Physics, Peter Grünberg
2006 - Chemistry, Roger D. Kornberg
Economics, Edmund S. Phelps
Literature, Orhan Pamuk
Medicine, Andrew Z. Fire
Medicine, Craig C. Mello
Peace, Grameen Bank
Peace, Muhammad Yunus
Physics, John C. Mather
Physics, George F. Smoot
2005 - Chemistry, Yves Chauvin
Chemistry, Robert H. Grubbs
Chemistry, Richard R. Schrock
Economics, Robert J. Aumann
Economics, Thomas C. Schelling
Literature, Harold Pinter
Medicine, Barry J. Marshall
Medicine, J. Robin Warren
Peace, International Atomic Energy Agency
Peace, Mohamed ElBaradei
Physics, Roy J. Glauber
Physics, John L. Hall
Physics, Theodor W. Hänsch
2004 - Chemistry, Aaron Ciechanover
Chemistry, Avram Hershko
Chemistry, Irwin Rose
Economics, Finn E. Kydland
Economics, Edward C. Prescott
Literature, Elfriede Jelinek
Medicine, Richard Axel
Medicine, Linda B. Buck
Peace, Wangari Maathai
Physics, David J. Gross
Physics, H. David Politzer
Physics, Frank Wilczek
2003 - Chemistry, Peter Agre
Chemistry, Roderick MacKinnon
Economics, Robert F. Engle III
Economics, Clive W.J. Granger
Literature, J. M. Coetzee
Medicine, Paul C. Lauterbur
Medicine, Sir Peter Mansfield
Peace, Shirin Ebadi
Physics, Alexei A. Abrikosov
Physics, Vitaly L. Ginzburg
Physics, Anthony J. Leggett
2002 - Chemistry, John B. Fenn
Chemistry, Koichi Tanaka
Chemistry, Kurt Wüthrich
Economics, Daniel Kahneman
Economics, Vernon L. Smith
Literature, Imre Kertész
Medicine, Sydney Brenner
Medicine, H. Robert Horvitz
Medicine, John E. Sulston
Peace, Jimmy Carter
Physics, Raymond Davis Jr.
Physics, Riccardo Giacconi
Physics, Masatoshi Koshiba
2001 - Chemistry, William S. Knowles
Chemistry, Ryoji Noyori
Chemistry, K. Barry Sharpless
Economics, George A. Akerlof
Economics, A. Michael Spence
Economics, Joseph E. Stiglitz
Literature, V. S. Naipaul
Medicine, Leland H. Hartwell
Medicine, Tim Hunt
Medicine, Sir Paul Nurse
Peace, United Nations
Peace, Kofi Annan
Physics, Eric A. Cornell
Physics, Wolfgang Ketterle
Physics, Carl E. Wieman
2000 - Chemistry, Alan Heeger
Chemistry, Alan G. MacDiarmid
Chemistry, Hideki Shirakawa
Economics, James J. Heckman
Economics, Daniel L. McFadden
Literature, Gao Xingjian
Medicine, Arvid Carlsson
Medicine, Paul Greengard
Medicine, Eric R. Kandel
Peace, Kim Dae-jung
Physics, Zhores I. Alferov
Physics, Jack S. Kilby
Physics, Herbert Kroemer
1999 - Chemistry, Ahmed Zewail
Economics, Robert A. Mundell
Literature, Günter Grass
Medicine, Günter Blobel
Peace, Médecins Sans Frontières
Physics, Gerardus 't Hooft
Physics, Martinus J.G. Veltman
1998 - Chemistry, Walter Kohn
Chemistry, John Pople
Economics, Amartya Sen
Literature, José Saramago
Medicine, Robert F. Furchgott
Medicine, Louis J. Ignarro
Medicine, Ferid Murad
Peace, John Hume
Peace, David Trimble
Physics, Robert B. Laughlin
Physics, Horst L. Störmer
Physics, Daniel C. Tsui
1997 - Chemistry, Paul D. Boyer
Chemistry, Jens C. Skou
Chemistry, John E. Walker
Economics, Robert C. Merton
Economics, Myron S. Scholes
Literature, Dario Fo
Medicine, Stanley B. Prusiner
Peace, International Campaign to Ban Landmines
Peace, Jody Williams
Physics, Steven Chu
Physics, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
Physics, William D. Phillips
1996 - Chemistry, Robert F. Curl Jr.
Chemistry, Sir Harold Kroto
Chemistry, Richard E. Smalley
Economics, James A. Mirrlees
Economics, William Vickrey
Literature, Wislawa Szymborska
Medicine, Peter C. Doherty
Medicine, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Peace, Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
Peace, José Ramos-Horta
Physics, David M. Lee
Physics, Douglas D. Osheroff
Physics, Robert C. Richardson
1995 - Chemistry, Paul J. Crutzen
Chemistry, Mario J. Molina
Chemistry, F. Sherwood Rowland
Economics, Robert E. Lucas Jr.
Literature, Seamus Heaney
Medicine, Edward B. Lewis
Medicine, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
Medicine, Eric F. Wieschaus
Peace, Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
Peace, Joseph Rotblat
Physics, Martin L. Perl
Physics, Frederick Reines
1994 - Chemistry, George A. Olah
Economics, John C. Harsanyi
Economics, John F. Nash Jr.
Economics, Reinhard Selten
Literature, Kenzaburo Oe
Medicine, Alfred G. Gilman
Medicine, Martin Rodbell
Peace, Yasser Arafat
Peace, Shimon Peres
Peace, Yitzhak Rabin
Physics, Bertram N. Brockhouse
Physics, Clifford G. Shull
1993 - Chemistry, Kary B. Mullis
Chemistry, Michael Smith
Economics, Robert W. Fogel
Economics, Douglass C. North
Literature, Toni Morrison
Medicine, Richard J. Roberts
Medicine, Phillip A. Sharp
Peace, F.W. de Klerk
Peace, Nelson Mandela
Physics, Russell A. Hulse
Physics, Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
1992 - Chemistry, Rudolph A. Marcus
Economics, Gary S. Becker
Literature, Derek Walcott
Medicine, Edmond H. Fischer
Medicine, Edwin G. Krebs
Peace, Rigoberta Menchú Tum
Physics, Georges Charpak
1991 - Chemistry, Richard R. Ernst
Economics, Ronald H. Coase
Literature, Nadine Gordimer
Medicine, Erwin Neher
Medicine, Bert Sakmann
Peace, Aung San Suu Kyi
Physics, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
1990 - Chemistry, Elias James Corey
Economics, Harry M. Markowitz
Economics, Merton H. Miller
Economics, William F. Sharpe
Literature, Octavio Paz
Medicine, Joseph E. Murray
Medicine, E. Donnall Thomas
Peace, Mikhail Gorbachev
Physics, Jerome I. Friedman
Physics, Henry W. Kendall
Physics, Richard E. Taylor
1989 - Chemistry, Sidney Altman
Chemistry, Thomas R. Cech
Economics, Trygve Haavelmo
Literature, Camilo José Cela
Medicine, J. Michael Bishop
Medicine, Harold E. Varmus
Peace, The 14th Dalai Lama
Physics, Hans G. Dehmelt
Physics, Wolfgang Paul
Physics, Norman F. Ramsey
1988 - Chemistry, Johann Deisenhofer
Chemistry, Robert Huber
Chemistry, Hartmut Michel
Economics, Maurice Allais
Literature, Naguib Mahfouz
Medicine, Sir James W. Black
Medicine, Gertrude B. Elion
Medicine, George H. Hitchings
Peace, United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
Physics, Leon M. Lederman
Physics, Melvin Schwartz
Physics, Jack Steinberger
1987 - Chemistry, Donald J. Cram
Chemistry, Jean-Marie Lehn
Chemistry, Charles J. Pedersen
Economics, Robert M. Solow
Literature, Joseph Brodsky
Medicine, Susumu Tonegawa
Peace, Oscar Arias Sánchez
Physics, J. Georg Bednorz
Physics, K. Alex Müller
1986 - Chemistry, Dudley R. Herschbach
Chemistry, Yuan T. Lee
Chemistry, John C. Polanyi
Economics, James M. Buchanan Jr.
Literature, Wole Soyinka
Medicine, Stanley Cohen
Medicine, Rita Levi-Montalcini
Peace, Elie Wiesel
Physics, Gerd Binnig
Physics, Heinrich Rohrer
Physics, Ernst Ruska
1985 - Chemistry, Herbert A. Hauptman
Chemistry, Jerome Karle
Economics, Franco Modigliani
Literature, Claude Simon
Medicine, Michael S. Brown
Medicine, Joseph L. Goldstein
Peace, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
Physics, Klaus von Klitzing
1984 - Chemistry, Bruce Merrifield
Economics, Richard Stone
Literature, Jaroslav Seifert
Medicine, Niels K. Jerne
Medicine, Georges J.F. Köhler
Medicine, César Milstein
Peace, Desmond Tutu
Physics, Carlo Rubbia
Physics, Simon van der Meer
1983 - Chemistry, Henry Taube
Economics, Gerard Debreu
Literature, William Golding
Medicine, Barbara McClintock
Peace, Lech Walesa
Physics, Subramanyan Chandrasekhar
Physics, William A. Fowler
1982 - Chemistry, Aaron Klug
Economics, George J. Stigler
Literature, Gabriel García Márquez
Medicine, Sune K. Bergström
Medicine, Bengt I. Samuelsson
Medicine, John R. Vane
Peace, Alfonso García Robles
Peace, Alva Myrdal
Physics, Kenneth G. Wilson
1981 - Chemistry, Kenichi Fukui
Chemistry, Roald Hoffmann
Economics, James Tobin
Literature, Elias Canetti
Medicine, David H. Hubel
Medicine, Roger W. Sperry
Medicine, Torsten N. Wiesel
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Physics, Nicolaas Bloembergen
Physics, Arthur L. Schawlow
Physics, Kai M. Siegbahn
1980 - Chemistry, Paul Berg
Chemistry, Walter Gilbert
Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
Economics, Lawrence R. Klein
Literature, Czeslaw Milosz
Medicine, Baruj Benacerraf
Medicine, Jean Dausset
Medicine, George D. Snell
Peace, Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
Physics, James Cronin
Physics, Val Fitch
1979 - Chemistry, Herbert C. Brown
Chemistry, Georg Wittig
Economics, Sir Arthur Lewis
Economics, Theodore W. Schultz
Literature, Odysseus Elytis
Medicine, Allan M. Cormack
Medicine, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
Peace, Mother Teresa
Physics, Sheldon Glashow
Physics, Abdus Salam
Physics, Steven Weinberg
1978 - Chemistry, Peter Mitchell
Economics, Herbert A. Simon
Literature, Isaac Bashevis Singer
Medicine, Werner Arber
Medicine, Daniel Nathans
Medicine, Hamilton O. Smith
Peace, Anwar al-Sadat
Peace, Menachem Begin
Physics, Pyotr Kapitsa
Physics, Arno Penzias
Physics, Robert Woodrow Wilson
1977 - Chemistry, Ilya Prigogine
Economics, James E. Meade
Economics, Bertil Ohlin
Literature, Vicente Aleixandre
Medicine, Roger Guillemin
Medicine, Andrew V. Schally
Medicine, Rosalyn Yalow
Peace, Amnesty International
Physics, Philip W. Anderson
Physics, Sir Nevill F. Mott
Physics, John H. van Vleck
1976 - Chemistry, William Lipscomb
Economics, Milton Friedman
Literature, Saul Bellow
Medicine, Baruch S. Blumberg
Medicine, D. Carleton Gajdusek
Peace, Mairead Corrigan
Peace, Betty Williams
Physics, Burton Richter
Physics, Samuel C.C. Ting
1975 - Chemistry, John Cornforth
Chemistry, Vladimir Prelog
Economics, Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
Economics, Tjalling C. Koopmans
Literature, Eugenio Montale
Medicine, David Baltimore
Medicine, Renato Dulbecco
Medicine, Howard M. Temin
Peace, Andrei Sakharov
Physics, Aage N. Bohr
Physics, Ben R. Mottelson
Physics, James Rainwater
1974 - Chemistry, Paul J. Flory
Economics, Gunnar Myrdal
Economics, Friedrich August von Hayek
Literature, Eyvind Johnson
Literature, Harry Martinson
Medicine, Albert Claude
Medicine, Christian de Duve
Medicine, George E. Palade
Peace, Seán MacBride
Peace, Eisaku Sato
Physics, Antony Hewish
Physics, Martin Ryle
1973 - Chemistry, Ernst Otto Fischer
Chemistry, Geoffrey Wilkinson
Economics, Wassily Leontief
Literature, Patrick White
Medicine, Konrad Lorenz
Medicine, Nikolaas Tinbergen
Medicine, Karl von Frisch
Peace, Le Duc Tho
Peace, Henry Kissinger
Physics, Leo Esaki
Physics, Ivar Giaever
Physics, Brian D. Josephson
1972 - Chemistry, Christian Anfinsen
Chemistry, Stanford Moore
Chemistry, William H. Stein
Economics, Kenneth J. Arrow
Economics, John R. Hicks
Literature, Heinrich Böll
Medicine, Gerald M. Edelman
Medicine, Rodney R. Porter
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, John Bardeen
Physics, Leon N. Cooper
Physics, Robert Schrieffer
1971 - Chemistry, Gerhard Herzberg
Economics, Simon Kuznets
Literature, Pablo Neruda
Medicine, Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
Peace, Willy Brandt
Physics, Dennis Gabor
1970 - Chemistry, Luis Leloir
Economics, Paul A. Samuelson
Literature, Alexandr Solzhenitsyn
Medicine, Julius Axelrod
Medicine, Sir Bernard Katz
Medicine, Ulf von Euler
Peace, Norman Borlaug
Physics, Hannes Alfvén
Physics, Louis Néel
1969 - Chemistry, Derek Barton
Chemistry, Odd Hassel
Economics, Ragnar Frisch
Economics, Jan Tinbergen
Literature, Samuel Beckett
Medicine, Max Delbrück
Medicine, Alfred D. Hershey
Medicine, Salvador E. Luria
Peace, International Labour Organization
Physics, Murray Gell-Mann
1968 - Chemistry, Lars Onsager
Literature, Yasunari Kawabata
Medicine, Robert W. Holley
Medicine, H. Gobind Khorana
Medicine, Marshall W. Nirenberg
Peace, René Cassin
Physics, Luis Alvarez
1967 - Chemistry, Manfred Eigen
Chemistry, Ronald G.W. Norrish
Chemistry, George Porter
Literature, Miguel Angel Asturias
Medicine, Ragnar Granit
Medicine, Haldan K. Hartline
Medicine, George Wald
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Hans Bethe
1966 - Chemistry, Robert S. Mulliken
Literature, Shmuel Agnon
Literature, Nelly Sachs
Medicine, Charles B. Huggins
Medicine, Peyton Rous
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Alfred Kastler
1965 - Chemistry, Robert B. Woodward
Literature, Mikhail Sholokhov
Medicine, François Jacob
Medicine, André Lwoff
Medicine, Jacques Monod
Peace, United Nations Children's Fund
Physics, Richard P. Feynman
Physics, Julian Schwinger
Physics, Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
1964 - Chemistry, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
Literature, Jean-Paul Sartre
Medicine, Konrad Bloch
Medicine, Feodor Lynen
Peace, Martin Luther King Jr.
Physics, Nicolay G. Basov
Physics, Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
Physics, Charles H. Townes
1963 - Chemistry, Giulio Natta
Chemistry, Karl Ziegler
Literature, Giorgos Seferis
Medicine, Sir John Eccles
Medicine, Alan L. Hodgkin
Medicine, Andrew F. Huxley
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Peace, League of Red Cross Societies
Physics, Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Physics, J. Hans D. Jensen
Physics, Eugene Wigner
1962 - Chemistry, John C. Kendrew
Chemistry, Max F. Perutz
Literature, John Steinbeck
Medicine, Francis Crick
Medicine, James Watson
Medicine, Maurice Wilkins
Peace, Linus Pauling
Physics, Lev Landau
1961 - Chemistry, Melvin Calvin
Literature, Ivo Andric
Medicine, Georg von Békésy
Peace, Dag Hammarskjöld
Physics, Robert Hofstadter
Physics, Rudolf Mössbauer
1960 - Chemistry, Willard F. Libby
Literature, Saint-John Perse
Medicine, Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
Medicine, Peter Medawar
Peace, Albert Lutuli
Physics, Donald A. Glaser
1959 - Chemistry, Jaroslav Heyrovsky
Literature, Salvatore Quasimodo
Medicine, Arthur Kornberg
Medicine, Severo Ochoa
Peace, Philip Noel-Baker
Physics, Owen Chamberlain
Physics, Emilio Segrè
1958 - Chemistry, Frederick Sanger
Literature, Boris Pasternak
Medicine, George Beadle
Medicine, Joshua Lederberg
Medicine, Edward Tatum
Peace, Georges Pire
Physics, Pavel A. Cherenkov
Physics, Il´ja M. Frank
Physics, Igor Y. Tamm
1957 - Chemistry, Lord Todd
Literature, Albert Camus
Medicine, Daniel Bovet
Peace, Lester Bowles Pearson
Physics, Tsung-Dao Lee
Physics, Chen Ning Yang
1956 - Chemistry, Sir Cyril Hinshelwood
Chemistry, Nikolay Semenov
Literature, Juan Ramón Jiménez
Medicine, André F. Cournand
Medicine, Werner Forssmann
Medicine, Dickinson W. Richards
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, John Bardeen
Physics, Walter H. Brattain
Physics, William B. Shockley
1955 - Chemistry, Vincent du Vigneaud
Literature, Halldór Laxness
Medicine, Hugo Theorell
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Polykarp Kusch
Physics, Willis E. Lamb
1954 - Chemistry, Linus Pauling
Literature, Ernest Hemingway
Medicine, John F. Enders
Medicine, Frederick C. Robbins
Medicine, Thomas H. Weller
Peace, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Physics, Max Born
Physics, Walther Bothe
1953 - Chemistry, Hermann Staudinger
Literature, Winston Churchill
Medicine, Hans Krebs
Medicine, Fritz Lipmann
Peace, George C. Marshall
Physics, Frits Zernike
1952 - Chemistry, Archer J.P. Martin
Chemistry, Richard L.M. Synge
Literature, François Mauriac
Medicine, Selman A. Waksman
Peace, Albert Schweitzer
Physics, Felix Bloch
Physics, E. M. Purcell
1951 - Chemistry, Edwin M. McMillan
Chemistry, Glenn T. Seaborg
Literature, Pär Lagerkvist
Medicine, Max Theiler
Peace, Léon Jouhaux
Physics, John Cockcroft
Physics, Ernest T.S. Walton
1950 - Chemistry, Kurt Alder
Chemistry, Otto Diels
Literature, Bertrand Russell
Medicine, Philip S. Hench
Medicine, Edward C. Kendall
Medicine, Tadeus Reichstein
Peace, Ralph Bunche
Physics, Cecil Powell
1949 - Chemistry, William F. Giauque
Literature, William Faulkner
Medicine, Walter Hess
Medicine, Egas Moniz
Peace, Lord Boyd Orr
Physics, Hideki Yukawa
1948 - Chemistry, Arne Tiselius
Literature, T.S. Eliot
Medicine, Paul Müller
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Patrick M.S. Blackett
1947 - Chemistry, Sir Robert Robinson
Literature, André Gide
Medicine, Carl Cori
Medicine, Gerty Cori
Medicine, Bernardo Houssay
Peace, Friends Service Council
Peace, American Friends Service Committee
Physics, Edward V. Appleton
1946 - Chemistry, John H. Northrop
Chemistry, Wendell M. Stanley
Chemistry, James B. Sumner
Literature, Hermann Hesse
Medicine, Hermann J. Muller
Peace, Emily Greene Balch
Peace, John R. Mott
Physics, Percy W. Bridgman
1945 - Chemistry, Artturi Virtanen
Literature, Gabriela Mistral
Medicine, Ernst B. Chain
Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming
Medicine, Sir Howard Florey
Peace, Cordell Hull
Physics, Wolfgang Pauli
1944 - Chemistry, Otto Hahn
Literature, Johannes V. Jensen
Medicine, Joseph Erlanger
Medicine, Herbert S. Gasser
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Isidor Isaac Rabi
1943 - Chemistry, George de Hevesy
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Henrik Dam
Medicine, Edward A. Doisy
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Otto Stern
1942 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1941 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1940 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1939 - Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt
Chemistry, Leopold Ruzicka
Literature, Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Medicine, Gerhard Domagk
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Ernest Lawrence
1938 - Chemistry, Richard Kuhn
Literature, Pearl Buck
Medicine, Corneille Heymans
Peace, Nansen International Office for Refugees
Physics, Enrico Fermi
1937 - Chemistry, Norman Haworth
Chemistry, Paul Karrer
Literature, Roger Martin du Gard
Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi
Peace, Robert Cecil
Physics, Clinton Davisson
Physics, George Paget Thomson
1936 - Chemistry, Peter Debye
Literature, Eugene O'Neill
Medicine, Sir Henry Dale
Medicine, Otto Loewi
Peace, Carlos Saavedra Lamas
Physics, Carl D. Anderson
Physics, Victor F. Hess
1935 - Chemistry, Frédéric Joliot
Chemistry, Irène Joliot-Curie
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Hans Spemann
Peace, Carl von Ossietzky
Physics, James Chadwick
1934 - Chemistry, Harold C. Urey
Literature, Luigi Pirandello
Medicine, George R. Minot
Medicine, William P. Murphy
Medicine, George H. Whipple
Peace, Arthur Henderson
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1933 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Ivan Bunin
Medicine, Thomas H. Morgan
Peace, Sir Norman Angell
Physics, Paul A.M. Dirac
Physics, Erwin Schrödinger
1932 - Chemistry, Irving Langmuir
Literature, John Galsworthy
Medicine, Edgar Adrian
Medicine, Sir Charles Sherrington
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Werner Heisenberg
1931 - Chemistry, Friedrich Bergius
Chemistry, Carl Bosch
Literature, Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Medicine, Otto Warburg
Peace, Jane Addams
Peace, Nicholas Murray Butler
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1930 - Chemistry, Hans Fischer
Literature, Sinclair Lewis
Medicine, Karl Landsteiner
Peace, Nathan Söderblom
Physics, Sir Venkata Raman
1929 - Chemistry, Arthur Harden
Chemistry, Hans von Euler-Chelpin
Literature, Thomas Mann
Medicine, Christiaan Eijkman
Medicine, Sir Frederick Hopkins
Peace, Frank B. Kellogg
Physics, Louis de Broglie
1928 - Chemistry, Adolf Windaus
Literature, Sigrid Undset
Medicine, Charles Nicolle
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Owen Willans Richardson
1927 - Chemistry, Heinrich Wieland
Literature, Henri Bergson
Medicine, Julius Wagner-Jauregg
Peace, Ferdinand Buisson
Peace, Ludwig Quidde
Physics, Arthur H. Compton
Physics, C.T.R. Wilson
1926 - Chemistry, The Svedberg
Literature, Grazia Deledda
Medicine, Johannes Fibiger
Peace, Aristide Briand
Peace, Gustav Stresemann
Physics, Jean Baptiste Perrin
1925 - Chemistry, Richard Zsigmondy
Literature, George Bernard Shaw
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, Sir Austen Chamberlain
Peace, Charles G. Dawes
Physics, James Franck
Physics, Gustav Hertz
1924 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Wladyslaw Reymont
Medicine, Willem Einthoven
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Manne Siegbahn
1923 - Chemistry, Fritz Pregl
Literature, William Butler Yeats
Medicine, Frederick G. Banting
Medicine, John Macleod
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Robert A. Millikan
1922 - Chemistry, Francis W. Aston
Literature, Jacinto Benavente
Medicine, Archibald V. Hill
Medicine, Otto Meyerhof
Peace, Fridtjof Nansen
Physics, Niels Bohr
1921 - Chemistry, Frederick Soddy
Literature, Anatole France
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, Hjalmar Branting
Peace, Christian Lange
Physics, Albert Einstein
1920 - Chemistry, Walther Nernst
Literature, Knut Hamsun
Medicine, August Krogh
Peace, Léon Bourgeois
Physics, Charles Edouard Guillaume
1919 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Carl Spitteler
Medicine, Jules Bordet
Peace, Woodrow Wilson
Physics, Johannes Stark
1918 - Chemistry, Fritz Haber
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Max Planck
1917 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Karl Gjellerup
Literature, Henrik Pontoppidan
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, International Committee of the Red Cross
Physics, Charles Glover Barkla
1916 - Chemistry, No Prize was Awarded
Literature, Verner von Heidenstam
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, No Prize was Awarded
1915 - Chemistry, Richard Willstätter
Literature, Romain Rolland
Medicine, No Prize was Awarded
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, William Bragg
Physics, Lawrence Bragg
1914 - Chemistry, Theodore W. Richards
Literature, No Prize was Awarded
Medicine, Robert Bárány
Peace, No Prize was Awarded
Physics, Max von Laue
1913 - Chemistry, Alfred Werner
Literature, Rabindranath Tagore
Medicine, Charles Richet
Peace, Henri La Fontaine
Physics, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1912 - Chemistry, Victor Grignard
Chemistry, Paul Sabatier
Literature, Gerhart Hauptmann
Medicine, Alexis Carrel
Peace, Elihu Root
Physics, Gustaf Dalén
1911 - Chemistry, Marie Curie
Literature, Maurice Maeterlinck
Medicine, Allvar Gullstrand
Peace, Tobias Asser
Peace, Alfred Fried
Physics, Wilhelm Wien
1910 - Chemistry, Otto Wallach
Literature, Paul Heyse
Medicine, Albrecht Kossel
Peace, Permanent International Peace Bureau
Physics, Johannes Diderik van der Waals
1909 - Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald
Literature, Selma Lagerlöf
Medicine, Theodor Kocher
Peace, Auguste Beernaert
Peace, Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
Physics, Ferdinand Braun
Physics, Guglielmo Marconi
1908 - Chemistry, Ernest Rutherford
Literature, Rudolf Eucken
Medicine, Paul Ehrlich
Medicine, Ilya Mechnikov
Peace, Klas Pontus Arnoldson
Peace, Fredrik Bajer
Physics, Gabriel Lippmann
1907 - Chemistry, Eduard Buchner
Literature, Rudyard Kipling
Medicine, Alphonse Laveran
Peace, Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
Peace, Louis Renault
Physics, Albert A. Michelson
1906 - Chemistry, Henri Moissan
Literature, Giosuè Carducci
Medicine, Camillo Golgi
Medicine, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
Peace, Theodore Roosevelt
Physics, J.J. Thomson
1905 - Chemistry, Adolf von Baeyer
Literature, Henryk Sienkiewicz
Medicine, Robert Koch
Peace, Bertha von Suttner
Physics, Philipp Lenard
1904 - Chemistry, Sir William Ramsay
Literature, José Echegaray
Literature, Frédéric Mistral
Medicine, Ivan Pavlov
Peace, Institute of International Law
Physics, Lord Rayleigh
1903 - Chemistry, Svante Arrhenius
Literature, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Medicine, Niels Ryberg Finsen
Peace, Randal Cremer
Physics, Henri Becquerel
Physics, Pierre Curie
Physics, Marie Curie
1902 - Chemistry, Emil Fischer
Literature, Theodor Mommsen
Medicine, Ronald Ross
Peace, Élie Ducommun
Peace, Albert Gobat
Physics, Hendrik A. Lorentz
Physics, Pieter Zeeman
1901 - Chemistry, Jacobus H. van 't Hoff
Literature, Sully Prudhomme
Medicine, Emil von Behring
Peace, Henry Dunant
Peace, Frédéric Passy
Physics, Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
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